Race As A Social Construct - 1566 Words

Rachel Marx PHL-137-01 Dr. Wolf March 17, 2017 Race as a Social Construct Charles W. Mills argues that even if there is no biological notion of race that can underwrite our social one, our social one still has some objectivity to it. He provides details for many hypothetical and real life instances in order to back up his argument. My view, along with Mills’, is that race is socially constructed, and has been socially constructed long before I even had an opinion on the topic. I will explore every avenue of what Mills offers on the topic and will formulate a further opinion based on each subject individually. Mills discusses a word with attached meaning called quace. This is a hypothetical system where you are assigned a code, such as†¦show more content†¦Along with quace, you cannot say who you truly are in the horizontal racial system because it is so randomly decided with hardly any individuality behind it. In a vertical racial system the polity and economic order are expressly structured on a hierarchical axis in which R1 R2 R3. This means there is a superior race in this system, which is those who are R1. The simple goal of the system is to give privilege to the R1s and to classify the R2s and R3s as the subordinate groups. R1s are seen as more intelligent in this racial system and we would even have the opportunity to speak of the R1s as a supremacist system. With this system, you can identify yourself because there are so many distinctions between classes, however, you cannot identify yourself in the exact same way as race. You cannot identify yourself in this way because to the eye we cannot distinguish if someone is an R1, R2, or R3 as easily as the way we could if they were Caucasian, African American, Asian, etc. Mills next discusses objectivism. This suggests the independence of what we choose and what we believe. Within objectivism, there is realism and constructivism. Starting with realism, it can be defined as viewing that it is objectively the case that there are human races. For instance, we know that there are multiple and specific human races attached to human beings. Digging deeper on the meaning, constructivismShow MoreRelatedRace as a Social Construct646 Words   |  3 PagesRace as a social construct An imagined concept with real consequences The concept of race is fundamentally a social construct. It is based on a notion of difference, of ‘otherness’, ‘blackness’, ‘whiteness’, identity, nationalism and multiculturalism. ‘Race’ matters, as despite being biologically disputed, its social impact is immense. Despite being an unreal social construct, it is real in its consequences. It affects life prospects and influences health, wealth, status and power. As such, a criticalRead MoreRace As A Social Construct1057 Words   |  5 PagesRace as a social construct refers to a group that is socially and culturally defined on the basis of physical criteria. During European colonisation, Europeans came into contact with people from different areas of the world and after speculating the physical, cultural and social differences between the groups; these groups were placed in races. By defining racial classifications, racism ensues. Racism is discriminating, exerting prejudice and o r power over a group or individual based on the beliefRead MoreRace As A Social Construct1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of race is an ancient construction through which a single society models all of mankind around the ideal man. This idealism evolved from prejudice and ignorance of another culture and the inability to view another human as equal. The establishment of race and racism can be seen from as early as the Middle Ages through the present. The social construction of racism and the feeling of superiority to people of other ethnicities, have been distinguishably present in European societies asRead MoreRace as a Social Construct Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesRace as a Social Construct Omi and Winant’s discussion from â€Å"Racial Formations† are generally about race being a social construct and is also demonstrated in the viewing of Race - The power of an illusion. Omi and Winant have both agreed that race is socially constructed in society. Ultimately this means that race is seen differently in different societies and different cultures. Media, politics, school, economy and family helps alter society’s structure of race. In the viewing , also mediaRead MoreEssay on Race as a Social Construct1635 Words   |  7 PagesRacialization, to differentiate or categorize according to race, is still prominent in todays society. Race, a social construct, was created by society. There is no gene in the human body that defines what race you are, therefore, it is only an idea that individuals came up with. Yet, people in todays society still categorize individuals by their race and stereotype individuals by what race they most resemble. People grow into this society with the idea embedded into their heads that the whiterRead MoreInequality: Race And Racism. The Race Is A Social Construct1371 Words   |  6 PagesInequality: Race and Racism The race is a social construct that has real life consequences. The race is a fiction created by the dominant part of the society in order to legitimize their supremacy on those they wish to regulate. Racism: a term that was first coined by the Nazis in the 1930s in their attempt to make Germany clean of Jews . The race is a social construct that has both biological and cultural aspects but not based on scientific truths. The origin of the racial differences can be trackedRead MoreRace Is A Biological Reality Or A Social Construct?1566 Words   |  7 PagesI used to think that race was a social construct more of a biological reality until I read all these articles. They changed my perspective and I have come to realize different things. My opinion is now divided into two; I am in that middle point where I can see both ways of the argument as valid and reasonable and agree with both. First, I will explain why I think it is a biological reality, then, I will explain why it can also be a social construct, and lastly how have these debates shaped the viewsRead MoreSocial Construction Of Race And Gender1529 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Construction of Race and Gender, Patriarchy and Prejudice and Discrimination in the Society Social construct may be defined as the social mechanism or a category which has been created by the society. It may either be a perception which is created by an individual or an idea which is constructed as a result of the culture. The present society has created a large number of constructs which are not good. In this paper, the discussion will be done on the social construction of raceRead MoreDebating Sex and Gender and After Identity1486 Words   |  6 Pagesdemonstrate how sex, gender, and race are all social constructs. Do you agree or disagree with her argument, and why? Concepts of sex, gender and race in English language have undergone uncountable naturalization and universalities, to a point that they are now considered to have always been present. There are numerous arguments that revolve around the three concepts of human diversity. Dr. Warnke for example argues that the three concepts above are social constructs (Warnke 153). This paper isRead MoreDebating Sex and Gender and After Identity1479 Words   |  6 Pagesdemonstrate how sex, gender, and race are all social constructs. Do you agree or disagree with her argument, and why? Concepts of sex, gender and race in English language have undergone uncountable naturalization and universalities, to a point that they are now considered to have always been present. There are numerous arguments that revolve around the three concepts of human diversity. Dr. Warnke for example argues that the three concepts above are social constructs (Warnke 153). This paper is

The work of Langer Rodin Free Essays

To explore the effects of decision-making and responsibility on residents in a nursing home, Langer and Rodin gave residents a houseplant. Residents were to make all the decisions about when and how much to water and how much sun to give their plant. Resident in the experimental group were also given other choices such as where they would prefer to receive visitors, whether they wanted see the weekly movie and which evening they wanted to attend (a movie was played on Thursdays and replayed on Fridays), etc. We will write a custom essay sample on The work of Langer Rodin or any similar topic only for you Order Now A comparison (control) group were also given plants but told that the nurses would take care of them. Those in this group were not encouraged to make decisions for themselves but were told that staff was there to help them. Issues were as similar as possible with the experimental and comparison groups except for the distinctions about who was in control and responsible for decisions. The researchers used various behavioural and emotional measures to judge the effect of the encouragement, for example, participation in activities at the nursing home, how happy the residents felt and how alert and active the residents were. Clear and dramatic improvement was made in the group given more responsibility. Eighteen months after the study the researchers returned and again performed the outcome measures. The residents who had been given more responsibility were still significantly more active, vigorous and sociable than those in the comparison group. The experimental group also asked more questions during a lecture that Judith Rodin gave. During this return trip physical health was measured. Prior to the study the two groups had been in similar health based on their medical records. However, eighteen months later the health of the experimental group had improved while that of the comparison group had worsened. The most striking discovery was mortality rate. Only seven of the 47 residents in the experimental group had died whereas 13 of the 44 residents in the comparison group had died (15% versus 30%). These results have been confirmed by much research since the time of the original experiment. To improve this experiment they could have looked for other areas where choice can be given back to residents such as dining, bathing, and placement of personal items in their room. Record the outcomes. Watch to see if over time there are changes in activity participation, alertness and affect of residents. As this experiment proceeds it would be good for staff to discuss amongst themselves how to change their own perspective to maximize residents’ sense of independence, freedom and involvement. The relation between health and a sense of control may grow stronger in old age. This could occur through three types of processes: experiences particularly relevant to control may increase markedly in old age; the association between control and some aspect of health may be altered by age; and age may influence the association between control and health-related behaviours or the seeking of medical care. Studies show that there are detrimental effects on the health of older people when their control of their activities is restricted; in contrast, interventions that enhance options for control by nursing home patients promote health. With increasing age, however, variability in preferred amounts of control also increases, and sometimes greater control over activities, circumstances, or health has negative consequences including stress, worry, and self-blame. Mechanisms mediating the control-health relation include feelings of stress, symptom labelling, changes in the neuroendocrine an d immune systems, and behaviour relevant to health maintenance. * Work which very clearly supports Langer Rodin is that of Marmot et al (1997) and the study of civil service office workers: – Marmot et al (1997) Marmot and his co-workers devised an experiment to determine the association between adverse psychosocial characteristics at work and risk of coronary heart disease among male and female civil servants. There were self-report questionnaires provided for information on psychosocial factors of the work environment and coronary heart disease. Independent assessments of the work environment were obtained from personnel managers. Setting: London based office staff in 20 civil service departments. Subjects: 10308 civil servants aged 35-55 were examined-6895 men (67%) and 3413 women (33%). Results: Men and women with low job control, either self reported or independently assessed, have a higher risk of newly reported coronary heart disease during the follow up. Job control was assessed on two occasions three years apart, although intercorrelated, had cumulative effects in newly reported disease. Subjects with low job control on both occasions have an odds ratio for any coronary event of 95% compared with subjects with high job control at both occasions. This association could not be explained by employment grade, negative affectivity, or classic coronary risk factors. Job demands and social support at work were not related to the risk of coronary heart disease. Conclusion: Low control in the work environment is associated with an increased risk of future coronary heart disease among men and women employed in government offices. The cumulative effect of low job control assessed on two occasions indicates that giving employees more variety in tasks and a stronger say in decisions about work may decrease the risk of coronary heart disease. * Whereas the work done by Brady (1958) in the ‘Executive Monkey’ experiment completely goes against Langer, Rodin and Marmot: – Brady tested groups of monkeys to determine which were the quickest learners; they would then be chosen to take the place of the ‘Executive Monkey’. The executive monkey is then sat in a harness with its feet touching the floor allowing almost complete mobility, the non-executive monkey is sat in the other harness so that it cannot touch the floor, both harnesses are connected to a bar that in turn is attached to a pivot. A bell would sound and the exec. Monkey would have 20 seconds to get to a switch, if he did not manage to get to the switch in time, both monkeys would be given an electric shock. Brady discovered that the best way to conduct this experiment was to put the monkeys 6 hours in then 6 hours off, this was found to be the best way to stress them. Around 23 days into the experiment the executive monkey would die from stomach ulcers, due to the stress. We could argue that the monkey had the control over whether they got shocked or not and yet it still got stressed and died, which would then completely dis-prove Langer Rodin. But you could also argue that the exec. monkey got stressed from having to get to the switch and its also possible to say that the executive monkey didn’t have complete control, i.e. they couldn’t turn the electric shocks off completely, and so got stressed from having to continuously press the switch. * Weiss (1972) repeated Brady et al’s experiment but with rats this time: – He found that giving feedback on successful shock avoidance (by sounding a tone) reduced ulceration in executives to below that of the non-executive rats. The feedback tells the animal it has avoided shocks and increases its ‘sense of control’ over the situation. The non-executive animal cannot respond and lacks any control at all over what’s going on, this leads to more ulceration. == By comparing Brady and Weiss’ experiments it’s very clear to see that the idea of a ‘sense of control’ separates the two. Not as many animals will die in Weiss’ as in Brady’s, the rats don’t feel as stressed as the monkeys because they feel more ‘in control’. These studies also show the importance of control and feedback on successful coping in reducing levels of stress. How to cite The work of Langer Rodin, Papers

Religion Contract Essays - Christmas Traditions, Christmas

Religion Contract Nativity Alphabet A~ Angel B~ Bethlehem C~ Christ D~ Dawning Sun E~ Eucharist F~ Frankincense G~ Gold H~ Holy Spirit I~ Infant J~ Jesus K~ Kosher L~ Lord M~ Myrrh N~ Noel O~ Ooh Emmanuel P~ Peace On Earth Q~Queen of Bethlehem R~Rejoice S~ Sacraments T~ Three Kings U~ Universal Faith V~ Vigil W~ Wise men X~ Xavior Y~ Yondering Star Z~ Zackeriah #6 Silent Night Silent night holy night all is calm all is bright round yon virgin mother and child holy infant so tender and mild sleep in heavenly peace sleep in heavenly peace. Silent night holy night shepherds quake at the sight glorious stream from heaven afar, heavenly hosts sing alleluia Christ the savior is born! Christ the savior is born! Silent night holy night son of god loves pure light radiant beams from the holy face with the dawn of redeeming grace Jesus lord at thy birth Jesus lord at thy birth. #7 The three wise men that visited Jesus were Melchior Balthazar Gaspar #8 The gifts that were given to Jesus from the wise men were Gold Frankincense Myrrh # 12 The True Meaning of Christmas To me the true meaning of Christmas is simply not all about receiving gifts. It's a time of the year when it's Jesus' turn to be recognized. Christmas is Jesus' birthday, and this is the time where we should praise him and thank him for giving up his life for us. It is true that we should always thank him but we should really adore him at Christmas. Christmas is a time we should spend with our family and friends, for they are the people we care about most. Also everyone should attend mass to honor Jesus on this very special day. So when you think about Christmas don't think about what you are going to get but think about what you are going to give. #15 The Christmas traditions we have in my family are decorating our Christmas tree as a family. Every year we buy our tree a week before Christmas, and we decorate it when it falls. We do this as a family. I think there is no meaning behind decorating a Christmas tree with out the whole household family. Every year we also have a tradition of going to visit my grandparents at their house, and that's where we eat Christmas dinner. When we go down my grandparent's house its not just my household family down there it's the whole entire family to celebrate together. I think even when I have my own family I will always continue these traditions because they bring back memories of all the good times I have had with my family. #16 Dear journal, I'm writing today to speak on behalf of the situation of Joseph and my child that is soon to be born. I think this is the best gift a person could ever receive. Even though I ?m a virgin this still allows me to have a beautiful child. I think this is the most blessed miracle God has ever performed. T first I must admit I was shocked that I was chosen to be the mother of Jesus but, now I ?m so grateful. Sincerely, Mary #13 Christmas Christmas is a time for giving?not for receiving. Christmas is a time for sharing? not for selfishness Christmas is a time for prayer?not for play Christmas is a time for Jesus' birth? not for getting presents Christmas is a time for going to mass?not for making excuses Christmas is a time for love ?not for hatred Christmas is a time for everyone to share with the ones you love and respect. Everyone who seems just a little nicer during the Christmas season should learn from that change and keep it. Start the New Year a whole different way that you ended. Love one another, as you would like to be loved! #10 Summary of the life of saint Nicholas The legend of Santa clause began with a real person. Saint Nicholas, who lived many centuries ago. He is one of the most popular saints honored by Christians. He lived during the 4th century in lycia. There is not much known about him. Some stories say he was born in patara and traveled to Egypt and Palestine as a young man. After a while he became bishop of the church at mayra. By the 6th century his burial shrine was well known at myra. In 1087 his remains were moved to bari, Italy which became a crowed pilgrimage center in

Drug Legalization Essays - Drug Control Law, Drug Culture

Drug Legalization Essays - Drug Control Law, Drug Culture Drug Legalization The debate over drugs and drug legalization is an increasingly important political issue as we proceed into the twenty-first century. It is important that we proceed into this era with a keen sense of direction on this issue. Whether we increase our current laws or we proceed in the direction legalization. It is obvious that some reformation of our current policy is needed. But, the drug legalization debate is not a issue that should only concern our political officials and law makers. It should concern all of us, since all of us are affected by the laws governing the trade and use of drugs. In this paper I will address the drug legalization debate from the view of the anti-legalist and the view of the legalist. I will also address the historical issues and arguments that lead to the prohibition on drugs and the subsequent War on Drugs. Before we look ahead to the debate over legalization, we should first look back at what took place to bring about the current drug prohibition. The drug hysteria first started around the turn of the century, by Orville Marshall who documented San Franciscos opium dens. In his report he documented the people who frequented these dens of sin. He found, that a significant number of the patrons were criminals of varying degree and classified the rest as the undesirables of society. What he proposed was for federal intervention in an attempt to lower crime and rid society of the scourge that drugs represented. The report lead to the Harrison Act of 1914, which restricted the use of opiates and cocaine to medicinal uses only. The Harrison Acts language is relatively vague leading to varied interpretations and throughout the years has become the cornerstone of the American drug prohibition. Leading to the formation of the DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency), in 1974. It has also allowed for further restrictions on the use of drugs for both personal and medicinal use. In recent times it has also served as a spring board for much of the recent legislature regarding mandatory minimums and the expansion of asset forfeiture laws. Which allows drug enforcement agencys to confiscate any and all property that is suspected to be related to the transportation or distribution of drugs. In most arguments regarding the legalization of drugs they are quick to point out that the drug prohibition is doomed to the failure of the Eighteenth Amendment (alcohol prohibition). Anti-legalist point out that this is not the case. That much like the prohibition on alcohol, in 1919, it is unrealistic for us to think that we can totally prevent the use or sale of drugs. But, much like the prohibition on alcohol our goal is to limit the consumption of drugs and thereupon lessen its effects on society. According to Mark(1) Moore, Alcohol consumption declined dramatically during Prohibition30 to 50 percent Cirrhosis death rates for men were 29.5 per 100,000 in 1911 and 10.7 in 1929. Admissions to state mental hospitals for alcoholic psychosis declined from 10.1 per 100,000 in 1919 to 4.7 in 1928. Further more, it is not to say that society was wrong to repeal Prohibition. A democratic society may decide that recreational drinking is worth the price in traffic fatalities and other consequences. But the common claim that laws backed by morally motivated political movements cannot reduce drug use is wrong. If the prohibition on alcohol really decreased alcohol use by 30 to 50 percent, in such a short time (14 years). The obvious question is, by how much has drug use been curtailed in the last 80 years of the prohibition on drugs? And, if it is a significant decrees wouldnt it be the most beneficial policy to keep on the road that we are currently on. If not increase the current penalties for drug violations. I should also add that after the repeal of prohibition alcohol use tripled and one year later had settled at a higher rate of use than before prohibition. Though we do not have any reliable information on the number of addicts before drug prohibition. There has been speculation that the misuse of drugs was at or above current levels of drug use. Raising the

ASU Admissions - ACT Scores, Financial Aid More

ASU Admissions - ACT Scores, Financial Aid More Over half of all students to Alabama State University receive rejection letters; in 2016, the acceptance rate was 46 percent. That said, the admissions bar isnt overly high. Many admitted students have SAT and ACT scores that are below average, and a GPA of C or higher is often adequate (most successful applicants are up in the A an B range). The university uses an index of GPA and test scores for admission eligibility, so students with higher grades can have lower test scores and vise versa. Be sure to visit the ASU admissions website for more information. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): Alabama State University Acceptance Rate: 46 percentGPA, ACT and SAT graph for Alabama StateTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 370 / 460SAT Math: 360 / 460What these SAT numbers meanCompare Alabama SAT scoresACT Composite: 15  / 19ACT English: 14 / 19ACT Math: 15  / 17What these ACT numbers meanCompare Alabama ACT scores Alabama State University Description: Alabama State University is a public, historically black university located on a 135-acre campus in Montgomery, a city with a rich civil rights history. Founded in 1867, the schools long history has evolved with the citys. Today, students come from 42 states and 7 countries, and they can choose from roughly 50 degree programs at the undergraduate and graduate level. Biology, business, criminal justice, and social work are particularly popular. The curriculum is supported by a 17 to 1  student / faculty ratio. Student life is active at the university and includes numerous fraternities and sororities. In athletics, the Alabama State Hornets, compete in the NCAA Division I Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC). The university fields seven mens and nine womens Division I sports. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 5,318  (4,727  undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 38 percent male / 62 percent female92 percent full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $9,220  (in-state); $16,156  (out-of-state)Books: $1,600 (why so much?)Room and Board: $5,422Other Expenses: $3,392Total Cost: $19,634  (in-state); $26,570 (out-of-state) Alabama State University Financial Aid (2015- 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 97 percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 90 percentLoans: 83 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $6,831Loans: $6,634 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Biology, Business Administration, Communications, Criminal Justice, Elementary Education, Physical Education, Psychology, Social WorkWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Retention and Graduation Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 63 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 7 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 22 percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Football, Baseball, Basketball, Golf, Tennis, Track and Field, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Soccer, Tennis, Volleyball, Softball, Basketball, Bowling, Track and Field Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Discovery Timeline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discovery Timeline - Essay Example Up until the 16th century, people thought that heavy objects fell faster. Galileo Galilei, in 1585, climbed to the top of the leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped two objects. One object was heavy and the other was light, but both reached the ground at the same time. Thus, he proved that objects fall at the same rate and accelerate as they fall. (Ed-Helper, n.d) Later on, Galilei expressed his theories with equations, and his discoveries and equations served as a guideline for Newton's equations of gravity, which are still used to date. In 1752, Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity. 'Ben suspected that lightning was an electrical current in nature, and he wanted to see if he was right. One way to test his idea would be to see if the lightning would pass through metal. He decided to use a metal key and looked around for a way to get the key up near the lightning. he used a child's toy, a kite, to prove that lightning is really a stream of electrified air, known today as plasma. His famous stormy kite flight in June of 1752 led him to develop many of the terms that we still use today when we talk about electricity: battery, conductor, condenser, charge, discharge, uncharged, negative, minus, plus, electric shock, and electrician.' (AmericanRevolution, n.d) In 1879, Thomas Edison discovered the incand... Incandescent light bulbs or lamps are sources of artificial light which use electricity to emit light. With this discovery, he enabled portable lighting, such as table lamps, some car headlamps and electric flashlights, and decorative and advertising lighting. References 1. Bill Arnett (last updated: 2007 Jun 02) Appendix 3:Chronology of Solar System Discovery. Retrieved May 29, 2008 from http://www.nineplanets.org/history.html 2. The Age of Discovery - Gravity and Gauss. Retrieved May 29, 2008 from http://edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_35_204.html 3. Benjamin Franklin and Discovery of Electricity. Rerieved May 29, 2008 from http://www.americanrevolution.com/BenjaminFranklinElectricity.htm. 4. Tom Edison (n.d). Incandescent Light. Retrieved May 29, 2008 from

The Future of Computer Applications in Biomedicine Annotated Bibliography

The Future of Computer Applications in Biomedicine - Annotated Bibliography Example The authors with reference to the New England Journal of Medicine predict that computer technologies may be used in future to examine the causes for the development of Parkinson’s and epilepsy and in prescribing possible medicine for treating such diseases. Tissue engineering is also another possible development that computer technology is likely to facilitate in the field of biomedical engineering. This article provides an explicit research on this topic given its resourcefulness on the information under investigation. Increasing technological development and integration has led to massive transformation of various sectors of economies that have great impacts on human life. Biomedicine is one sector of great significance that has undergone broad transformation fanned by the speedy advancement of computer based technology. Away from the traditional communication technologies, introduction of computers in biomedicine have led to the transformation of health care procedures and practices. Computers have been of great use in biomedicine especially for the purposes of storing patients’ records, diagnosis and in performing other health related activities (Hung and Joseph 120). Laboratory is one component of heath care facilities that makes great use of computers in testing diseases and complaints as well offering therapies to patients of various diseases. Looking from the past and current transformation in the field of biomedicine, it is focused that this field has a very bright future with compu ter technology that will work to improve and ease health care procedures. According to Hung and Joseph, the recent increase in use of internet is viewed to have significant impact in the future of biomedicine (120). The internet has been very instrumental in enabling the process of data sharing that involve images and other health related information used by health care professionals. Analyzing from the current capability of internet to interlink