Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 130

Discussion - Essay Example The 2014 advertisement presents chicken & shrimp asApplebees’s major selling product. Bourbon street is mentioned as the place and the price is set at $20 for 2. The restaurant promotes the use of its delicacies as birthday specials and appeals to the middle-age group of people. The motto â€Å"Where fans know the best† is also used as a promotion strategy. The restaurant should consider establishing an exterior environment to connect more with the an audience (Lamb, Hair, & McDaniel, 2012). Both advertisements expose the products and services that California offers to its visitors. Some of the services include yoga, surfing, skateboards, and wineries. The California place is also established expansively to cater for the different services. Price estimates are not defined, but the advertisements target a group of visitors interested in enjoying these services in Calfornia. The motto â€Å"Find yourself here† is a promotion strategy that has been consistent. Both advertisements expose the products and services which constitute the events of the Olympics. But, the 2016 advert shows more events including athletics, karate, golf, volleyball, swimming, tennis and gymnastics among other games. The advertisement also establishes the place in Rio de Janeiro Brazil by showing an overview of the landscape. Also, the Rio 2016 Olympics logo is used for promotion purposes. However, the Portugese language used in the 2016 advert segments the market as compared to the 2008 advert that uses

Diplomatic Mission for the Issue of the U.S.-China Naval Affairs Essay

Diplomatic Mission for the Issue of the U.S.-China Naval Affairs - Essay Example There is the need for a good foreign diplomatic professional to build good relationship between the U.S. and Chinese navies. There is a greater need for an office that will oversee the ticklish problems created by the continued U.S. presence in the region where China is already claiming lot of islands from her neighbors. The presence of the U.S. navy in the region is creating heartburn for the Chinese (Bill Powell). While it would be too much to assume that the U.S. will oblige the Chinese and remove their ships from performing surveillance in the region, the situation certainly warrants greater discretion on the part of the U.S. to start doing exactly what the Chinese are saying. Go away from here and do not come within 200 mile of the Exclusive Economic Zone. The United States has not ratified the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that is responsible for the Exclusive Economic Zone law (Peter Symonds). It is difficult to perceive what a good foreign diplomatic professional or a diplomatic office can achieve given the potential for hostilities in the U.S. actions. However, the issue is messy enough to need diplomatic interventions 24x7. At least it will act as a cooling agent on an affair that has all the elements for conflagration. The aims of the diplomatic mission will undoubtedly be to avoid full-scale confrontation. The U.S. appears to be banking on its vast superiority in the naval department when compared to the present Chinese naval strength. However, it is only a matter of time before the Chinese have built enough fire power in naval terms to physically evict what it sees as hostile presence in its vicinity. One can only hope that such situation does not arise now or in the future. Conclusion With a diplomatic mission specifically designed for the issue of the U.S.-China naval affairs, there is a fair chance that temperatures will continue to remain cool even in the face of provocations by the U.S. navy. However, the best course of action would be for the U.S. to pull back to a location that can be counted as not lying within the 200 miles Exclusive Economic Zone. The Chinese are known to strike without warning. It is good to not continue testing their patience. Sources: Beth, USNS Impeccable: Chinese Vessels Harass US Navy Ship, http://military.rightpundits.com/2009/03/09/usns-impeccable-chinese-vessels-harass-us-navy-ship/ Bill Powell, The Chinese Navy: How Big a Threat to the U.S. 21 April 2009, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1892954,00.html Eric A. McVadon, The Case for U.S.-China Naval Cooperation, 30 November 2007, http://www.feer.com/politics/2008/february/The-Case-for-U.S.-China-Naval-Cooperation Obama Calls for Improved Military Dialogue Between the U.S. and China After Naval Confrontation, 12 March 2009, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/03/12/obama-meet-chinese-foreign-minister-ship-confrontation/ Peter Symonds, U.S. navy reinforces spying operations in South China Sea, 17 March 2009, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.phpcontext=va&aid=12766 Press conference of U.S.

Music Listening Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Music Listening - Personal Statement Example Specifically, these include two pieces which I really like and rates high on my "exciting discovery" meter: Tswana Dance and Shizhane'e. As I am required to do so, I have also chosen the Navajo Sacred Prayer, which from the very start is unappealing and even boring to me. These three compositions are analyzed by looking at two musical elements forms, rhythm, and music culture which are especially salient in highlighting my musical preference. In terms of form, Shizhane'e can be described as having a reverting form because the piece goes back to the original phrase after a digression. Analyzing closely, it becomes apparent that the piece follows an "a-a-b-b-a-a-b-b-c-c-a-a-b-b" form. The first portion (a-a-b-b) is repeated twice before the introduction of a new melody (c-c). However, the piece reverts to the original a-a-b-b theme. I believe that having a distinct pattern enhances my listening experience than having deal with a composition with ambiguous or no form at all. On the other hand, Tswana Dance in terms of form can be musically described as iterative. It should be noted that this piece follows one melodic formula which is repeated throughout. Even though it is quite different from the form used in Shizhane'e, this form appeals to me because of the phrase used is interesting. The continuous repetition of the phrase augments its musical value because it highlights the theme of musical piece. On the other hand, the Navajo Sacred Prayer follows no distinct form. Whenever I hear it playing, it appears to be solely comprised of mutters which are sung at random without any consideration to the listener. Compared to the forms of the two selections, this highly turns me off and degrades the aesthetic value of the piece. The second musical element which highlights my musical preference is rhythm. In my selection of musical pieces, rhythm appears to be a high determinant of my musical appreciation. Shizhane'e's rhythm is characterized as isometric as emphasized by its regular rhythm. It should be noted that throughout the piece, the application of equal rhythm in the interval which makes it more orderly and organized. The presence of regular rhythm is appealing to me because it sounds more relaxing. I am apparently distracted by irregular rhythm because it tends to build up tension. Furthermore, the overall mood of the piece is upbeat as emphasized by the relatively lively tempo. Tswana Dance is also isometric having a 4/4 meter throughout the piece. Compared to Shizhane'e, Tswana Dance's is more festive because of the faster tempo. The regularity of the rhythm coupled with the lively tempo makes the pieces very interesting and appealing. In contrast, the Navajo Sacred Prayer is heterometric, giving it irregular rhythm which I find very distracting. Even though the tempo can be comparable to Tswana Dance, it does not communicate a festive nor lively atmosphere but creates a heavy and dismal feeling to the listener. My musical preference is also highly influenced by music culture. It should be noted that the two selections that I really appreciate, Shizhane'e and Tswana Dance, are both used as accompaniments for dances during festivities. On the other hand, Navajo Sacred Prayer as implied by its name is an appeal or supplication to a divine being. When discussed in the view of current

The representation of women in magazines through the decades till Essay

The representation of women in magazines through the decades till today - Essay Example Many of the texts based on the portrayal of women have discussed that women in the media have been routinely subject to symbolic annihilation. The media stereotyped women roles. Social scientists like Tuchman et al were of the opinion that media like advertisement, films, news and all other media content focus on the traditional domestic roles of women and treat women as objects of sexual pleasure. Margaret Gallagher in a study funded by the UNESCO had explained the reason why women have remained concerned about the image of women in the media. In this context it may be said that, â€Å"The†¦..media are potentially powerful agents of socialization and social change- presenting models, conferring status, suggesting appropriate behaviors, encouraging stereotypes† (Byerly and Ross, 2006, p. 17). Thus one can understand why the media portrayal of women have become subjects of concern for the feminists and has continued till the present day of post modernism. Rather it can be said that these issues have contributed to both the academic and popular feminist struggles. In fact feminists believe that media has more power in the present age and as a result has more influence on the image of women (Byerly and Ross, 2006, pp. 17-18; Chambers, Steiner, & Fleming 2004). The first wave of feminism centered on traditional movements for civil rights. With the publication of The Feminine Mystique Betty Friedan broke the traditional role of women and the cherished role of the timid housewife, which was the dream, and envy of the American young women (Kemp & Squires, 1998, p.3). The 50s brought about a discontent in this image of women amongst the women themselves. There was a rising dissatisfaction, which was inexplicable by the women. The stay-at-home role of women has been criticized under the influence of the second wave of feminism during the 70s and 80s (Bradley, 2007, p.1). At this time of publication the world of media comprised of essentially three categories – television, radio and morning newspapers, which launched women’s pages, engaged in homemaking and care giving. Other forms of media include Time, a weekly news magazine, Life, a weekly issued picture magazine and other magazines like Ladies’ Home Journal and Good Housekeeping, which essentially made the women their target audience (Poindexter and Meraz, 2008, p.3). The names themselves suggest the traditional concepts of gender roles. With time however, the concepts of ‘gender gap’ (related to differences in educational performance and pay between men and women) and ‘gender-bending’ have been explored by journalists to analyze the relationships between men and women (Bradley, 2007, p.2). The paper analyses the representation of women in magazines with respect to the way it affects their social identity When the First World War began in 1914, women witnessed a fall in the stereotyped traditional differences between the economic enviro nment and private sentiments. Men found an escape route from the social financial and sexual duties subjugated within the feminine household and found solace in more typically masculine areas of work like navy and army. The spaces assigned to women during this time were mainly domestic or home based. The war somehow curtailed the women’s movements for suffrage and other campaigns though these formed the backdrop for the activities of women during this wartime. The article â€Å"

Engage In Personal Development Essay Example for Free

Engage In Personal Development Essay 1.1 Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role Job description 1.2 And 3.1 Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards. Evaluate own knowledge, performance and understanding against relevant standards. A day in the life at my setting. Arriving at my setting each day I am required to sign in and note down the time. I put my bag in a safe and secure place so children cannot access. I check the message board and liaise with other staff members for any important updates. We have a child with a food intolerance so I informed the cook to make them aware the child was catered for at all meals during the day. My 1st hour was spent upstairs with the toddlers aged between 2 and 3 years. I then checked the planner to see what activities we had for that day. Today I set up the drawing table ensuring there was enough paper, crayons and chairs available for all the children present. I sat with the children whilst they joined in with the activity. Talking to the children about what they were doing and describing all the different colours, sizes, shapes etc. This was promoting their speech and language development and using creative skills too. Whilst supervising this activity I decided to complete a short observation on one of the children as she began to count and sing. I was interacting with all of the children trying to maintain interest. After a short while it was then time to tidy away all the equipment from the actives in which we encourage the children to help too. Once the room was tidy we decided to take the children outside in to the garden. Most of our toddlers are able to collect and put on their coats which we also encourage to do but some children are unable to achieve this at the moment. I helped to escort the children safely down the stairs ensuring they hold on to the rail and do a head count to make sure all children were present. I performed the outdoor risk assessment using the  daily check list. The children then are supervised using the toilet and washing their hands ready for lunch. I seat the children down at the tables ensuring they have cleaned their hands and they have adequate space to eat. I supply them all with a drink and we sing songs whilst the food is being dished out. I have prepared the child’s food separately who has the food intolerance ensuring they receive the correct meal . The child is also supervised eating to ensure they do not mix foods with the other children. Some children have not developed the skills to cut their own food so I will assist with helping them to do that. Ensuring the meals are cool enough I then give each child a meal and always remind them of good manners by saying â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you†. If children do not like the meal or try to refuse it I will always encourage them to try it. If I am working alongside the babies the above applies except some of the babies are too young to feed themselves and have not yet developed those skills. Babies will also need help with bottle feeding. I would also prepare the bottle feeds following the nursery policy. Ensuring correct formula is mixed and all bottles have been sterilised. Back in the toddler room, a child was struggling with their food and looked like they was choking. I immediately helped the child by taking the food out of their mouth with my little finger. The child became distressed so I comforted them until they were able to return to their meal. Meal times are always supervised by all members of staff to help with any incidents like this. All meal times are recorded in the daily chart. This is where we write down what the child has eaten so we can relay this back to the parents/carers. When the children have finished their meal I help to clean the children up and get them ready for their afternoon sleep. I assist with the toileting and other members of staff will go through the nappy change routine. The children in the toddler room go to find their own sleep mats with the aid of their name and picture tag. Most children will remove their own footwear but again some have not yet developed those skills, so I will help. Some children have their own comforters which I put out for them and I help to get them off to sleep with gentle patting. Once the children are asleep, I ensure the room monitors are on and working, make sure the room temperature is ok and all the children have their own blankets and they are safe. I then record each child in the daily sleep chart. This chart is for ours and parents benefits. We record when they sleep and when they wake up. As some children are only allowed a certain amount of sleep, this will help us to know when we have to wake them up. I then check on the children in the sleep room every 10 minutes with the aid of a timer. When children wake from their afternoon sleep they are always asked to use the toilet. Some children are upset when they awake so I will always comfort them. The afternoon usually consists of taking the children outside for free play. I get all their coats bags etc together and help to put their coats on. On this occasion it was a nice sunny day so I applied their own sun cream following the nursery sun cream policy. I ensure they have sun hats and the sun cream is applied liberally. Before we go outside I take 4 children at a time down the stair and reiterate the importance of holding the hand rail. A head count is once again recorded and an outdoor check is done following the outdoor risk assessment. The toddlers are escorted outsi de counting each child as they go. They are shortly followed by the children/babies from the tiny room downstairs and they all play in the same garden. The children are supervised with in ratio. As its free play time, I leave the children to play but some children like me to join in with what they are playing with. Child A is playing with a dolls pram and child B is trying to take that away from them. I intervene and explain to child B â€Å"we do not take toys from our friends when they are playing with them, it’s not very kind†. Child B is upset so I took the child away and provided them with another toy to distract them from child A. This works very well and child B goes off playing happily alone with the other toy. Child A is also happy and also continues to play. Shortly after another incident happened where a child has fallen and bumped their head. As I comfort the child I asked another staff member to get a cold compress. This is applied to the child for 10 minutes whilst still trying to comfort the child. The head bump is not too bad and the child soon calms down and returns playing. I then completed an accident form following nursery policy. This is then signed by the parent when the child is collected. During the afternoon, parents/carers come to collect their children. I greet the parents and explain what their child has been doing throughout the day, taking the information off the daily record sheet. We usually have a short chat with the parents/carers about the child’s day and will also take interest in their day too. We have a good  relationship with our parents/carers and this also helps us to get to know the parents/carers and children too. After all the children have gone home, we tidy round and ensure the nursery is ready for the next day ahead. 2.1 Explain the importance of reflective practice in continuously improving the quality of service provided. The nursery setting is always changing is so many different ways. We have new children being welcomed in to the setting and then we have children going through different types of transitions. The service we provide must reflect the needs of the children and by constantly improving our services we can better meet the need of the children and support their development. By constantly reflecting on out practice we can assess where we may be lacking in skills or knowledge and we can update these regularly to keep our services up to date and as supportive to the children as possible. A good example on reflective practice is, we have a child that has developed an intolerance to milk, dairy products etc. We have briefed all staff members with information regarding lactose free diet for this child. We have a couple of children who have turned 2 years and have completed the transition u pstairs to the toddler room. This meant we have more babies downstairs in our tiny room and the room has been slightly equipped with more age relevant toys and equipment. If we did not reflect on this, it could hinder the development of the younger babies. Everyone makes mistakes – they are one way of learning. It is important not to waste your mistakes, so if something has gone wrong, make sure you learn from it. Discuss problems and mistakes with your supervisor, and work out how to do things differently next time. You can use reflective skills in order to learn from situations that have not worked out the way you planned. It is important that you consider carefully why things turned out the way they did and think about how you will ensure that they go according to plan next time. Talking to colleagues and supervisors is equally useful when things work out really well, as it is important to reflect on success as well as failure. If you reflect on why something worked, this will make it more likely that you can repeat it. Information taken from http://www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk/ 2.3 Describe how own values, belief systems and experiences may affect  working practices What we believe in, what we see as important and what we see as acceptable or desirable is an essential part of who we are. The way in which we respond to people is linked to what we believe in, what we consider important and what interests us. We may find we react positively to people who share our values and less warmly to people who have different priorities. As a professionals, we are required to provide the same quality of support for all, not just for those who share our views and beliefs. The key term here is Diversity – being different; people are unique according to their own background, culture, personality, race, any disability, gender, religion/belief, sexual orientation and age. 4.1 Identify sources of support for planning and reviewing own development. Personal development is to do with developing the personal qualities and skills that everyone needs in order to live and work with others, such as understanding, empathy, patience, communication and relationship-building. It is also to do with the development of self-confidence, self-esteem and self-respect. In my setting there is always support for planning and reviewing my own development. I have already opted to improve my skills and development with a couple of course due to start in December 2014. You need to have these goals in mind; †¢ What you are trying to achieve? †¢ How you are you going to achieve it? †¢ How you will be able to tell when you have achieved it? It’s also helpful to further your development by asking other team members, duty manager and managers. We have a fantastic team who are very helpful and are ready to give any help and advice to anyone who needs it. At my setting there are many text books, magazines and brochures with vital information I can look through if I feel need some extra information in a certain topic of interest to further my development. We also have regular appraisals to guide and encourage further development and to also discuss current work practice. I feel this is extremely important. This not only boosts self-esteem but also gives management a chance to reflect on your work practice and if there is any further development training needed. Ref: http://www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk

Profit and Loss Essay Example for Free

Profit and Loss Essay Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Two of the most important financial statements for a business are the Profit and Loss Account, and the Balance Sheet. The Profit and Loss Account shows the profit or loss of a business over a given period of time e. g. 3 months, 1 year, etc. In contrast, the Balance Sheet is like a photograph taken at an instant in time giving a picture of what the business owns and what the business owes at that moment in time. As we shall see it will always balance because what the business owns is financed by what the business owes. The Profit and Loss (PL account) Net profit takes account of other sources of income and expenditure that are not involved in normal operations e. g. interest paid on loans and interest received on having a positive balance in a bank account. Turnover is the value of sales made in a trading period. It is some eferred to as sale revenue and is calculated by the average price of items sold x the number sold. Cost of sales calculates the direct costs of manufacturing items, or buying in items to sell them on. Expenses are the overhead costs of running a business. These overheads cant be tied down to particular cost units. For example, it would be very difficult to calculate what fraction of the heating cost of a pen factory can be allocated to just one pen. The Balance Sheet is a statement showing the assets, liabilities and owners capital of a business at a particular Downloaded from The 100 Edition http://www. he100. co. uk moment in time, for example the year end. The Balance Sheet balances because the assets t hat a business possesses at a specific time have been financed either through the provision of capital by the owners or by the creation of external liabilities: Value of assets = Value of Liabilities Value of Owners capital. There are a number of things that we can see from looking at a balance sheet, for example: 1. The Net Assets of the business, i. e. the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities. A growth in net assets tends to indicate a growing business. 2. How solvent the business is. In other words, does it have enough assets that are short term, and hence easily converted into cash, to pay any pressing short-term liabilities. Case Example: A typical balance sheet will be set out in the following way (note that we use two columns. The first column is for minor calculations, the second column is for grand totals): Balance Sheet of Superior Traders, as at 31st December 2004 Fixed assets consist of those items that are kept within the business to create wealth over a period of time e. . machinery, equipment, vehicles, computers, etc. Current assets are used in the short period to generate income for a business. For example, in a manufacturing company like Kraft, stocks would represent products that have already been made and are waiting to be sold onto retailers. Typically stocks will be sold on credit for periods of one month, two months, or three months. Retailers buying s tocks on credit from Kraft would become Krafts debtors. At the end of the credit period they will pay up in the form of cash, enabling Kraft to buy more raw materials to create further stocks. Creditors due within one year are the sums that a business owes money to in the short period otherwise known as current liabilities. Net current assets is a measure of how solvent or liquid a business is. Many businesses need to have working capital. Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets: Working capital = Current assets Current liabilities Note that the figure for net current assets appear almost in the centre of a balance sheet, and is a figure that many people will look at first to check on the solvency of a business. Total assets current liabilities is a sum that appears in the balance sheet simply doing what the title suggests. Creditors due after more than one year shows the longer term liabilities of the bsiness. Total net assets is calculated by taking away all the liabilities (both current and long term) from all of the assets (both current and long term). Shareholders funds shows the value of the shareholders capital in the business. It will always be the same value as the total net assets and it balances the account. Downloaded from The 100 Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Two of the most important financial statements for a business are the Profit and Loss Account, and the Balance Sheet. The Profit and Loss Account shows the profit or loss of a business over a given period of time e. g. 3 months, 1 year, etc. In contrast, the Balance Sheet is like a photograph taken at an instant in time giving a picture of what the business owns and what the business owes at that moment in time. As we shall see it will always balance because what the business owns is financed by what the business owes. The Profit and Loss (PL account) One of the most important objectives of a business is to make a profit. The PL account shows the extent to which it has been successful in achieving this objective. Companies are expected to keep their PL accounts in certain formats. Typically the PL account will show the revenues received by a business and the costs involved in generating that revenue. In simple terms: Revenues Costs = Profits. A typical PL account will look like the following: Case Study: PL Account for Superior Traders as at 31/12/2004 You can find out the gross profit of a business by deducting cost of sales from turnover: ? 100,000 ? 50,000 = ? 0,000 You can find out the operating profit by deducting the expenses from the gross profit: ? 50,000 ? 30,000 = ? 20,000 You may also come across the term net profit. Operating profit is earned from carrying out a businesses normal operations e. g. producing confectionery, or selling Christmas cards. Net profit takes account of other sources of income and expenditure that are not involved in normal operations e. g. interest paid on loans and interest received on having a positive balance in a bank account. Turnover is the value of sales made in a trading period. It is sometimes referred to as sale revenue and is calculated by the average price of items sold x the number sold. Cost of sales calculates the direct costs of manufacturing items, or buying in items to sell them on. Expenses are the overhead costs of running a business. These overheads cant be tied down to particular cost units. For example, it would be very difficult to calculate what fraction of the heating cost of a pen factory can be allocated to just one pen. The Balance Sheet is a statement showing the assets, liabilities and owners capital of a business at a particular Downloaded from The Times 100 Edition oment in time, for example the year end. The Balance Sheet balances because the assets that a business possesses at a specific time have been financed either through the provision of capital by the owners or by the creation of external liabilities: Value of assets = Value of Liabilities Value of Owners capital. There are a number of things that we can see from looking a t a balance sheet, for example: 1. The Net Assets of the business, i. e. the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities. A growth in net assets tends to indicate a growing business. Creditors due within one year are the sums that a business owes money to in the short period otherwise known as current liabilities. Net current assets is a measure of how solvent or liquid a business is. Many businesses need to have working capital. Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets: Working capital = Current assets Current liabilities Note that the figure for net current assets appear almost in the centre of a balance sheet, and is a figure that many people will look at first to check on the solvency of a business. Total assets current liabilities is a sum that appears in the balance sheet simply doing what the title suggests. Creditors due after more than one year shows the longer term liabilities of the bsiness. Total net assets is calculated by taking away all the liabilities (both current and long term) from all of the assets (both current and long term). Shareholders funds shows the value of the shareholders capital in the business. It will always be the same value as the total net assets and it balances the account. Downloaded from The Times 100 Edition.

Pharmaceutical Industry In India Economics Essay

Pharmaceutical Industry In India Economics Essay India pharmaceutical industry is one of the worlds largest and it has been ranked 4th in the world in terms of production volume and 13th in domestic consumption value. The worth of Indias pharmacetical industry is $4.5 billion and it has been growing at the rate of 8% to 9% annually. Over the last 30 years india pharmacetical industry has evolved from almost nonexistent to a world leader in the production of high quality generic drugs. There are 20,000 registered units so, this show that indian pharmaceutical industry is highly fragmented. 70% of the pharmacetical market has been controlled by the leading 250 companies. The government has control over the price and there is severe price competition. 70% of the countrys demand has been met by the pharmaceutical industry. 1.PORTERS 5 FORCE MODEL Indian pharmaceutical business environment is extremely competitive and where perfect competition exits, the profits of the firms operating in that industry will become zero, but however this is not possible because, firstly no company is a price taker this means that no company will operate where the profit is zero every company needs some profit to sustain themselves in the market. Secondly they strive to create a competitive advantage to thrive in the competitive scenario. Here, we apply this model for the Indian pharmaceutical industry. Industry competition Indian pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive with as many as 10,000 different players fights within themselves. The rivalry in the industry can be judged from the fact that the top players in the industry has roughly around 6% market share and the top players in the market has roughly around 18% market share this shows that the market is highly competitive. The industry is very attractive for new players to enter, so the growth prospects is quit high. Another factor that adds to the industry rivalry is the fact that the entry barriers to the industry are very low this factor also attracts new players in the market. Product differentiation also differentiate the companys product and gives a competitive advantage to the firm in the industry. Companies like Pfizer and glaxo have emerged as a big company over the years, which act as a product differentiation tools. So as product patents have come into play from 2005, product differentiation will enhance over the long time. Bargaining power of buyers The end user of the product is different from the influencer in pharmaceutical industry and thats the doctor. What ever the doctor say the consumer has to buy that only the consumer has no option but to buy what the doctor says. But when we look at the buyers power, we look at the influence they have on the products price. The buyer in this situation does not have much power in the pricing of the products price. But the government through its policies plays an important role in regulating the price through NPPA (National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority). Bargaining Power Of Suppliers The pharmaceutical industry depends upon many organic factors. Then again the chemical industry is very competitive and fragmented. The chemicals that are used in pharmaceutical industry are mainly a commodity. The bargaining power of the suppliers is very low and a company can switch suppliers without incurring a very high cost. But however, suppliers can go forward integration to become a pharmaceutical company. Companys like orchid chemicals and sashun chemicals were basically a chemical companies which later become into pharmaceutical companys. Barriers To Entry Indian pharmaceutical industry is one of the most easily accessible industry in the country. It requires very low capital and the point of sale is restricted, as regional distribution network can be created easily. However the key for long term survival is the company has crate brand awareness and franchisee amongst doctor. In establishing new manufacturing operations, there might be some problem due to quality regulations by the government. Going forward the impending new patents regime will raise the barriers to entry. But market for generics is huge, so it wont discourage new entrance. Threat Of Substitutes Pharmaceutical industry has an infinite future. This is one of the greatest advantage of pharmaceutical industry. This is also one of the reason for high competition in the industry. The biggest advantage is that whatever happens the demand for pharmaceutical products would always be there. PESTEL ANALYSIS Political Factors The Government is controlling the price of the pharmaceutical goods through NPPA , that too on the basis of approved costs. From January 2005, there was Patent Act imposed in India. The patented drug is now manufactured using the same chemical route and is manufactured by the inventor or licentiates by using the chemicals in same specifications. So there is no difference in purity or impurities among all the brands having same active ingredient. The competition among different brands is now based on input-related innovations like packaging, colour etc. This is the biggest change that environment has imposed on the industry. The marketing effort is now more focused on innovation, operations, logistics and communications. After January 2005, the finished pharmaceutical goods became more expensive as the government started charging Excise Duty on the MRP instead of the cost of manufacturing. Due to which many a life savings drugs have become unaffordable to the poor. The minister in charge of the pharmaceutical industry in India is threatening to impose strict price control. Due to which many investment plans are going stagnant Economic Factors A very small portion of the GDP is spent on healthcare. This has stunted the demand. The expenditure on healthcare is a very low priority because per capita income of an average Indian is very low. When there is an emergency then only an Indian would visit a doctor. Due to which many unqualified doctors have started to come up and non-standardized medication have started to spread. In India there are lot of taxes. There is excise duty (State and Central), Custom Duty, Profession Tax, Service Tax, Income Tax, Royalty, License Fees, Hazardous Substance handling and other charges to be paid. This amounts to not less than 40-45% of the costs. The availability of pharmaceuticals is affected as there are few registered medical practitioners. The distribution of medicines is also affected as there are few medical shops. As a result the distribution costs also increases. The interest rate is high in India. As a result the cost of funds is double than that in America. This adds to the cost of goods. There is lack of storage and transportation facilities for special drugs. The quality of the drugs administered is affected and this adds to the costs. The network of transport (road and rail) is poor. So it takes longer time to transport. As a result the inventory carrying costs are higher and the delivery time is also very long. But now good quality highways have been constructed. Social Factors The eradicated and preventable diseases like Malaria, chicken pox and TB still prevail in India due to poverty and malnutrition. Around 1 million children under the age of 5 die each year in India due to poor sanitation n health care. People prefer using household treatments for common ailments. This tradition has been handed down for generations. The increase in pollution is also causing lot of health problems in India. Due to early child bearing the health standards of women and children are affected. Technological Factors There are being discovery for newer medications, molecules and active ingredients. Lot of advancement have been made in Stem-cell research and Bio-technology. As a result, India has moved ahead. Efficiency has also increased with computerization and advanced automated machines, increasing the output and reducing the cost factor. Ayurveda has become a well recognized science and it is providing the industry an extra competitive advantage. AIDS drugs, Insulin and Hepatitis vaccines have given the industry a pioneer status. Development of Over the Counter Drugs and Outsourcing(Pharmaceutical Industry). Â  Environmental Factors India is still ill equipped to deal with spread of Air-Borne and Water-Borne Diseases like Swine Flu, chicken gonia due to which many people is infected and many people have died. Proper treatment and disposal of bio-wastes like syringes. Proper treatment and disposal of chemical wastes produced during the manufacturing of drugs and pharmaceuticals. Pollution and hygienic conditions like poor sanitation causes diseases. Legal Factors In March 2005, a new Patent Law was passed. According to that Indias pharmaceutical sector is no longer protected by the patent law. Hence the companies have started focusing on innovation rather than imitation. The government controls the pricing of the drugs through NPPA. Key Drivers For Change 1.Growing Population And Improving Income-: the earning capacity of people have increased in the past couple of years and the proportion of middleclass in india population has also increased. As the earning capacity of people has increased there is a greater demand for medical facilities and pharmaceutical products. 2. Changing Life Style-: Rise in income and as more and more people are getting educated this has resulted in change in life style. Changing life style however is leading to a change in disease profile especially in urban areas. 3. Research And Development-: Indian companies are largely focused on chemical synthesis of molecules and their cost effective production thereof. As medical science has improve with the help of new technology Indian scientists have develop a high degree of chemical synthesis skills. This skills has help Indian company to provide quality products not only to domestic market but also has helped them to go abroad. 4. Insurance Sector Giving A Lift-: Indian insurance sector has also been one of the reason in the change in the attitude of the people towards health care. As large section of Indian population are covered by health insurance schemes people are more willing to spend on their health. Industry Life Cycle The various stages of industry life cycle are : The Indian pharmaceutical industry is in the growing stage with lot of promising increase due to the increased economic presence of Indian economy. The Indian economy is expected to grow at the rate of 7-8% per annum and the pharmaceutical industry is also expected to grow at the 14-15% per annum. Foreign companies are also now finding Indian pharmaceutical industry as a very good and profitable investment. The government of india has also been promoting and helping the pharmaceutical industry to grow in many ways. Future Scenarios One of the scenario can be as india is one of the most populated country in the world the demand for health care products and pharmaceutical products will never come down. India is the second largest populated country in the world with a large number of patients and the fourth largest pool of medical professionals in the world. As Indian economic is also improving the earning capacity of a person has also increased in couple of years this has also increased the demand for quality health care products and pharmaceutical products. With the help of rapidly improving technology and support industries such as labs and hospitals and with the help of IT industries with is supporting the RD process and clinical trials are further advantage. Big pharma companies are also been attracted because of the population of the country and the fact that the country offers 700,000 specialty hospitals,221 medical college and skilled English speaking medical personnel Another scenario can be that india can produce better quality health care products and pharmaceutical products at lesser price as compare to other country. A number of foreign companies are trying to set up there RD centers in india. From the last couple of years around 25 contract research organization and almost all the multinational companies have started there research full fledged this shows that india can become one of the largest producer of health care products and pharmaceutical products in the coming years. Reputed institutions has also been established over the last decade to train physicians in ICH-GCP guidelines. In india, big companies are spend more in india as compare to other country in the FY year 2003-04 companies have spend round about USD 59.4 where as in the previous year companies have spend only USD 29.16 million a growth of 104% when we compare it with the previous year and it is projected to grow 8-10 times every year at this rate india can become one of the largest producer of health care products and pharmaceutical products. Another scenario can be as india is a developing country there is more opportunity for the pharmaceutical industry to grow this is also one of the factor that is attracting new investors to invest in pharmaceutical industry. As India is a developing country there are less competitors in the market and the demand for the product is very high as compared to developed nations and as compared to other develop nations the margin level is also very high because the cost of production in india is very low. Company can create a good brand image about their product in the minds of the customer as there are only some competitors in the market.