Regency Plazza Essay Example for Free

Regency Plazza Essay 2.1. Post-teaching Assignment: Group Project Students will be allocated to groups with 6 to 7 students per group. Each group is required to submit a detailed written report on the Regency Plaza case study. 70% of the Assignment2 overall mark is allocated to the written report on the Regency Plaza case study. Case Synopsis: Designed to examine the process of project management during the development cycle of a luxury condominium building for the Regency Plaza group, this case explores the issue of how the design, development strategy, project organization, and project personnel are interrelated. More specifically, it looks at how these factors shape the day-to-day operations of a development and how they affect the formal and informal mechanisms that a project  manager has at his or her disposal. Case Assignment Questions: 1. Evaluate the project definition phase of the Regency Plaza project. How do the problems that emerged during the project relate to how the project definition phase was managed? Dilanka 2. Evaluate the role of the project manager (Kris Hodgkins) in the case. What skills do you think are required to be the project manager for the Regency Condominium Development Project? How well do you think that Kris Hodgkins meets these skill requirements? Do you think Kris Hodgkins was a good project manager? Janaka 3. Evaluate how well risk was managed in the Regency Plaza project. You should use the four stage Risk Management framework from the module in answering this question. Dinidu 4. Given the situation that Kris Hodgkins finds herself with the Millers at the end of the case, evaluate all of the options available to her and recommend the course of action your group thinks she should take? Anusari Each and every question should include †¢ Theoretical background †¢ Application of theory †¢ Findings †¢ Analyze findings First read the case and prepare rough note. I’ll inform you the word count later for each and every part. Guidelines for the written assignment: †¢ The report should contain a minimum of 2500 and a maximum of 3000 words. The word count is from the start of the Executive Summary to the end of the Conclusions sections and does not include the cover page, references and appendices. †¢ The required format for the layout of the report is as follows: o Cover page as per UCD specifications.   Executive Summary †¢ In a single paragraph, summarize the contents of the entire report. This should written last when the rest of the report is completed, so that you know what you are summarizing. Hasitha/ Sachintha o Introduction to the selected project †¢ Briefly give an introduction to the project you have chosen to analyze. †¢ Outline your plan to analyze the project, i.e. what topics you will use and the elements of theory or frameworks within those topics you will apply to the project. Hasitha/ Sachintha o Analysis of the Project †¢ Using the theory in the module topics, analyze the project. †¢ You should not spend too many words describing the theory you use (referencing it is sufficient), but devote most of the effort to applying the theory to the information you have obtained about the project. o Discussion and Conclusions †¢ In this section, you discuss your findings and explain why the project can be deemed a success or failure – what worked well and why, what didn’t work and why, and what your group would have done differently if you were the project manager. †¢ Identify the key learning points in the project and what your group learned from undertaking the assignment. All   References †¢ All third party material used in the report must be listed here using a formal referencing system such as the Harvard system. These must be correctly cited where used in the body of the report. †¢ This assignment will enable students to identify the challenges of Project Management in the global business environment, and to develop the following skills: teamwork due to the group nature of the task, written communication, and research skills from gathering information from multiple sources about their chosen case study. †¢ As this is a group assignment, all members of the group will receive the same mark for the written submission of the project. However, all members are also required to state clearly their contribution to the group project at the end of the document. †¢ This Assignment must be submitted to your Programme Manager in hard copy and via Blackboard. See the deadline in table 2B. Please read the Grade Descriptors in the Main Assignment Grade Descript or table.

Challenges in Predicting Terrorism

Challenges in Predicting Terrorism Evaluate the claim that however thoroughly the security manager plans and prepares, acts of terrorism are always unpredictable and this makes terrorism a form of risk that is ultimately impossible to manage. - Despite being unpredictable, the consequences of terrorism can be sufficiently contained by thorough planning and preparation. It would be impossible for a security manager at whatever level, in the government or the private sector, to eliminate every risk. Clearly, our human ability to foresee every type of terrorist attack is limited. Also, from a financial point of view, there would be a strain on the public purse to put in place a contingency plan for every eventuality. The new threat of ‘global terrorism’ however is a reality so the security mangers must focus principally on civil protection and business continuity. It is also true that perception plays a major role when implementing prevention measures as the security manager’s view of risk could differ substantially from that of the public. There is a clear codependency between the perception and management of risk. Risk is a fluid concept and cannot be sufficiently identified or labelled as it depends on the context and the perception of people at any one time. In assessing the management of terrorism we must come to a consensus on what are ‘acts of terrorism’. The League of Nation’s definition reads, ‘All criminal acts directed against a state and intended or calculated to create a state of terror in the minds of particular persons or group of persons or the general public.’ The UK terrorism Act 2000[1] provides this definition, ‘The use or threat of action that is designed to influence the government or to intimidate the public or a section of the public within or outside the United Kingdom’ A security manager would therefore have to be aware that although a terrorist group often have a political agenda, the target for terrorist activity are members of the public and therefore harming innocent civilians and disruption of day to day affairs is a likely consequence. Constant planning, preparation and implementation of security measures are the only antidote to such calculated and sporadic violence. Sociological theories- Rational Choice and Psychopathology A security manager in the government or the private sector must also be aware of why people commit terrorist acts in order to inform proper planning. In considering this social scientists have sided with either the rational choice or the psychopathological theories. The psychopathological theory is that terrorists are psychopaths so although they think logically when planning and committing violent acts they are still irrational actors. It is debateable as to how far this goes in explaining the galvanising of thousands of supporters of different ages across various countries which comprises the organisation known as Al Qaeda. It is clear that this organisation has as its members those that are well educated and otherwise well respected in society. The level of sophistication of the attacks also points to a high level of planning and worldwide participation. The rational choice theorists hold that a terrorist is a rational actor who makes a decision to become involved in acts of terrorism due to environmental factors. It would therefore be safe to say there are combinations of irrational and rational reasons why people become terrorists. Terrorism today Terrorism is by its nature multifaceted and no one cause is predominant rather interrelated factors are at play. This would explain why no one definition of terrorism has gained universal acceptance. However these two facts remain, that terrorism is politically motivated and it is targeted at innocent civilians. Many believe that the openness of Western liberal societies and democratic values held make them more vulnerable to terrorist attacks. Globalisation and the breaking down of traditional barriers have also facilitated to the increase in terrorist acts along with post modern values and beliefs. Gunaratna and Steven [2]state, ‘The face of terrorism is changing rapidly†¦Governments should be using every tool of statecraft†¦ to combat and reduce the threat of terrorism. [It] has replaced the threat of nuclear confrontation the predominant threat during the Cold War. From an economic standpoint reasons for terrorism can be viewed as relating to poverty, inequality and injustice- real or perceived it is the perception that counts in assessing to what extent the risk can be managed. The economic impact following a terrorist act is also used by terrorist for personal gain. Many also believe that religion is being used to give violence legitimacy and power. The Cabinet Office Paper named Countering International Terrorism- The United Kingdom Strategy states that the principal threat is from, ‘†¦ radicalised individuals who are using a distorted and unrepresentative interpretation of the Islamic faith to justify violence. Such people are referred to here as Islamist terrorists.[3]. Undoubtedly because Islamist fundamentalists believe that they are supported by God this gives them an added impetus to keep fighting for their cause. Religious leaders bearing the group’s sentiments are used to interpret religious texts and beliefs to support the group’s ideology. Those who do not side with them are seen as apostates. Other terrorist groups today include animal rights or anti abortionists who seek to change a specific legislation rather than a whole political system. Gunaratna and Steven [4]state that although religion plays a significant factor, ‘†¦it is imperative to recognise the roles and degrees of influence of other factors†¦focus on solely one aspect such as religion would ultimately lead to misunderstanding’[5] Although the UK is no stranger to terrorism due to the long battle with IRA attacks, September 11 and the attack on the World Trade Centre in New York caused the need for greater measures to be implemented to combat the new ‘global terrorism’. Al Qaeda was said o be responsible for the Sept 11 attacks and also those on the London Underground and buses on July 7th 2005. Much criticism has been levied at both US and UK governments as to whether sufficient planning and preparation was put in place to prevent these attacks or minimise their devastating effects. The UK government argues that the public perception that the government is not doing enough to combat terrorism is explained In the Cabinet Office Paper Countering international Terrorism [6], Our strategy comprises [of] elements, which can be freely publicised and discussed, and classified elements†¦ There have to be such secret elements, in order to avoid alerting the terrorists themselves [of] capabilities we possess†¦ or to vulnerabilities which they could exploit. It is clear that it the police need to have access to reliable intelligence in order to combat global terrorist activity. This is fundamental to the success of identifying and arresting suspects and also preventing possible attacks. Storbeck[7] states that, ‘In practice, however, the exchange of data between national and international law enforcement agencies continues to be reactive rather than pro-active’ The challenge for the police and intelligence services is to keep up to date with the jihadist movements and preempt their actions. The old models previously used would not work as there is a new level of sophistication involved in today’s terrorist threat. Jenkins[8] comments, ‘We no longer confront hierarchical, highly-structured foes, mirrors of our own institutions but rather shifting networks, constantly mutating configurations and constellations.’ In the event of a terrorist attack the preferred avenue is to contain it or bring enforcement measures against the perpetrators via the criminal justice system. However the issue of employing the armed forces has also been considered but the question of course is when it becomes necessary to do so. Freedman[9] states, ‘The conclusion must be that, in certain cases, the military instrument can be helpful in responding to terrorism, but for most of the time these are likely to take the form of contributions from specialist services provided by the armed forces’ Role of Security Managers in public and private sector There is clearly an overlap between risk management in both the public and private sector although the government agencies are primary charged with civil protection and private companies concerned about business continuity. Therefore, security managers in both spheres would be involved in managing the release of information to the public, press reporting on any major disaster as well as he smooth operation of department services. The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 governs the area of public protection and contingency planning in the case of emergencies. The definition of emergency in the Act can be summarised as an event or situation which threatens serious damage to human welfare in a place in the United Kingdom or ‘war or terrorism which threatens serious damage to the security of the United Kingdom.’[10] The Act gives security managers in the public sector a duty to plan assess and advise where there is a threat to human welfare which includes loss of human life or physical injury, damage to property or disruption of systems of communication[11]. It further stipulates what arrangements they should make for civil protection and the continuance of commercial and non commercial activities and confers emergency powers to make regulations necessary to deal with the most serious cases.[12] Organisations termed as category 1 responders include the police and local authorities and will provide an immediate response. Category 2 responders like the Health and Safety Executive will provide ancillary support.[13] Security managers under both categories within the public sector have therefore been given the responsibilities and powers to counter terrorism despite the difficulties that are clearly involved in dong so. The Act further provides for sharing of information between the various bodies in the public sector[14] and its provisions thereby give risk managers in Local Authorities, utility and emergency services tools to formulate plans for effective risk containment. In the area of commercial enterprise, attention has been focused on business continuity planning. Although security managers in individual public sector departments must also focus on this as it is an integral part of good management aside from what has been stipulated in the 2004 Act. The MIT Business Continuity Management Plan 1995 echoes this where it states, ‘The organizational backbone of business continuity planning at MIT is the Business Continuity Management Team. In the event of a disaster affecting an MIT organization or its resources, the Business Continuity Management Team will respond in accordance with this Plan ‘ The questions undoubtedly arise as to how a business will deal with the disruption caused by a major terrorist attack and how its day to day operations can be maintained. The London Chamber of Commerce in its report[15] states that, ‘†¦chronic lack of preparedness on the part of small firms is the greatest avoidable threat in the capital today†¦several years after 9/11 almost half of SMEs in the capital have inadequate planning provision’ It would be fair to say therefore that despite the unpredictability of terrorist acts there are still measures that must be taken by security managers to limit their likely effects. When formulating a business continuity plan security managers must ensure that all steps have been taken to reduce the damage of a terrorist attack. Plans need to be made to protect all core activities, staff and resources. A good continuity plan will ensure that if a serious incident occurs, a business will still be able to survive and operate effectively. One would expect the security manager to ensure that all response and recovery measures after a potential attack need to be up to date and all staff given effective training on a regular basis. All business continuity plans must have the approval of the Chief Executive Officer of the business and a management structure put into place to ensure proper communication within the organisation as well as with outside agencies including the police, local authorities and emergency services. Nactso report, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Shopping Centres states, ‘For independent and impartial counter terrorism advice and guidance that is site specific, the Security Manager should establish contact with the local police Counter Terrorism Security Adviser (CTSA). Most UK Police Forces have at least two CTSAs.’ Terrorist acts can be described as potential disasters because of the scale of property damage and loss of life envisaged which cannot be easily dealt with by emergency services. In preparing for any potential disaster the security manager must observe the steps of mitigation, readiness, response and recovery. In mitigating the risk the security manager must assess and evaluate the terrorist threat and then take the necessary action to limit the potential damage. In fulfilling the readiness criteria this will include communications, media policy and warning systems and the security manager must consider what resources would be needed to carry out the plans outlined. At the response stage the business continuity plan would be implemented and the assistance of local authorities sought. At the recovery stage the security manager is concerned with the necessary activities to return the organisation to normality. The MIT Business Continuity Plan states, ‘The time required for recovery of the functional area and the eventual restoration of normal processing depends on the damage caused by the disaster. The time frame for recovery can vary from several days to several months. The primary goal is to restore normal operations as soon as possible. ‘ A security manager needs to asses the potential political and social risks and put contingency plans in place to mitigate them. They must also keep up to date with political developments and consider the modus operendi used by various terrorist organisations. One would expect to see continuous audits and training to test crisis management procedures. In high risk areas, assessments such as, explosive effects assessment, risks assessments are crucial along with creating various models of the business premises and testing procedures. In the example of security mangers in charge of a shopping centre the above will be relevant as the Nactso report, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Shopping Centres states, ‘Particularly relevant to protective security in shopping centers are the specific  requirements of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and Regulations made under it’[16] So in actual fact many of these measures should be part and parcel of a good Health and Safety Policy. Perhaps the ability to assess risk and prevent disaster is influenced by factors only discovered on closer inspection and are related to management culture as well as political and social factors. It is important that organisations learn from each other and lessons from previous disasters are specifically applied. Security managers must not adopt the view that there is little chance of their organisation being involved in one so adequate preparation is a waste of time. Foresight must be properly applied in the planning and preparation stage. There must be a clear strategy that is followed through in the event of a disaster and not ignored due to panic as this would only lead to chaos and defeat the object of planning and risk assessment strategies. In planning against a possible terrorist threat the security manager could consider certain specific measures. Strict measures around vehicle entry and parking will reduce the risk. Large and unauthorised vehicles should not be allowed to enter business premises. The Nactso Report States, ‘If you believe you might be at risk from a vehicle bomb, the basic principle is to keep all vehicles at a safe distance. Those requiring essential access should be identified in advance and checked before being allowed through’[17] There must be a close monitoring of visitors and thorough searching of handbags. Also security guards could be employed outside working hours. All incoming post must be monitored with staff briefed about letter bombs and suspect packages. Plans must be made for evacuation of the premises in the event of a suspect package. The Natsco Report advises, ‘Visitors to private areas should be escorted and should wear clearly marked temporary passes, which must be returned on leaving. Anyone not displaying security passes in private areas should either be challenged or reported immediately to security or management’[18] The Security Manager must also consider insurance against terrorist acts although this is becoming increasingly difficult it is for this reason that a sound contingency plan must be prepared by the security manager for a large proportion of risk. After the September 11 attacks the insurance industry faced new problems with how to quantify and underwrite the risk of terrorism. It was difficult to determine geographic risk as the terrorism activity could happen at any time .Commercial high rise buildings were now seen as high risk. Ericson [19] states ‘At the same time the limitations of insurance became evident. The new terrorism is another catastrophe risk that threatens global insurance capacity: how many such losses can the industry absorb?’ The Media Through the media, terrorists can create anxiety for their targeted audience. The test is to inform the public but not sensationalise the threat. This is an important issue and therefore provision made in the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 Regulations 2005. Communications and good media relations must therefore be part and parcel of any risk management strategy. In relation to public perception of the media The Cabinet Office Key Document entitled Communicating Risk[20] states, ‘†¦While many people really value the information†¦the media gives them, they are also very wary of the power they feel it has over them†¦newspapers have been responsible for sometimes whipping up hysteria’ The security manager must therefore be in close contact with the communication officials of the organisation. A communication strategy must be built into the business continuity plan or risk management framework. There must be a clear management structure whereby decisions on communications can be made speedily. Communicating Risk[21] explains, ‘ †¦speed in delivering messages to and through the media†¦is of the essence. This does not mean being forced into instant decisions†¦ It does mean keeping the media in the picture†¦explaining why it is not possible to fully meet their demands’ Websites, call centres and public information points are all useful communication tools in the event of an emergency. Where the media are concerned it would be incumbent on the security manager in the contingency plan to ensure that there are established good relations with media contacts ahead of a perceived crisis. The MIT business recovery plan also echoes this where it states, ‘The Director of the MIT News Office, a member of the Business Continuity Management Team is responsible for directing all meetings and discussions with the news media and the public, and in conjunction with the Personnel Department’ The BBC has launched an initiative called Connecting in a Crisis[22] which seeks to encourage security managers to work more closely with the BBC and other broadcasters in the risk management and planning stage. It proposes ten objectives of how effective relationships can be built, ‘Involve the BBC at a local level in the emergency planning process†¦Establish a clear procedure for communicating information to the BBC with absolute clarity over who rings who. It should be technically robust†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Conclusion Where the interests and safety of the public are of paramount importance, Government agencies must distinguish between accidents and wilful acts Where no responsibility is claimed for terrorist activity, there is a further difficulty posed for the police. Human intelligence is therefore crucial as it provides the basis for the operational procedures to be carried out. Jenkins[23] comments’ ‘Intelligence services will have to learn how to get smart fast, exploiting a variety of closed and open sources, both old-fashioned espionage and collection systems employing the newest technology’ The challenge for the security manager is to put contingency plans in place without raising unnecessary alarm. There needs to also be greater cooperation between various government agencies and the media. A contingency plan should not have to cater for all eventualities but must have a flexible framework that can be adapted depending on the situation and that is simple and easy to use. The costs of implementing the plan and the added insurance premiums must also be included in any assessment. As well as protection of civilians business continuity is a key consideration for security managers today. Terrorism post the Sept 11 2001 World Trade Centre attack and July 2005 bombings in London has posed new threats that go beyond the traditional considerations of emergency response or disaster management . Although the risk of terrorist acts ar unpredictable, it is not impossible to manage if the Security manager recognises the need to ensure business continuity and adopts this as part and parcel of good management practice. The Business Continuity Guidelines by ASIS International state that it is no longer enough for the security manager to, ‘†¦draft a response plan that anticipates naturally, accidentally, or intentionally caused disaster or emergency scenarios. Today’s threats require the creation of an on-going, interactive process that serves to assure the continuation of an organization’s core activities before, during, and most importantly, after a major crisis event’ BIBLIOGRAPHY London Chamber of Industry-Crisis and business Continuity planning : A programme for business survival September 2005 http://www.londonchamber.co.uk/docimages/853.pdf Countering international Terrorism. The United Kingdom Strategy- July 2006 http://www.ukresilience.gov.uk/media/ukresilience/assets/countering.pdf Counter terrorism- Rohan Gunaratna and Graeme CS Steven- ABC-CLO http://www.asisonline.org/guidelines/guidelinesbc.pdf LEARNING FROM DISASTERS a management approach (Brian Toft and Simon Reynolds) Communicating Risk http://www.ukresilience.gov.uk/media/ukresilience/assets/communicatingrisk.pdf Catastrophe Risk Insurance and Terrorism- Risk and Regulation magazine- Richard Ericson 2004 Confronting Terrorism, The club de Madrid Series on Democracy and Terrorism, Vols I III: International Summit on Democracy, Terrorism and Security, 8 11 March Madrid:21 26;available online at http://english.safe-democracy.org Nactso report, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Shopping Centres Smith, R. (2005) The Utility Of Force, The Art of War in the Modern World, London: Allen Lane. Calhoun, C., Price, P. and Timmer A. (2002) (eds.) Understanding September 11, New York, The New Press. Hershberg.and Moorte, K. (eds) Critical Views Of September 11, New York, The New Press. Slovic,P., Fischoff, B And Lichtenstein,S. (1980) Facts And Fears: Understanding Perceived Risks. In R.C.Schwing And W.A. Albers (Eds) Societal Risk Assesment:How Safe Is Safe Enough, New York: Plenum Press. Ericson, R.V. And Doyle, A. Catastrophe Risk Insurance And Terrorism (2004) Economy And Society, 33(2), Pp.135 173. Mit Business Continuity Plan (1995) Massashussets Institute Of Technology. Beck, A. And Wills, A. (1993) The Terrorist Threat To Safe Shopping,_Leicester Scarman Centre For The Study Of Public Order. 1 Footnotes [1] UK terrorism Act 2000 Part 1 s (1) [2] Counter terrorism- Rohan Gunaratna and Graeme CS Steven- ABC-CL [3] July 2006: pg.6 [4] Counter terrorism- Rohan Gunaratna and Graeme CS Steven- ABC-CL:pg.2 [5] Counter terrorism- Rohan Gunaratna and Graeme CS Steven- ABC-CL:pg.13 [6] July 2006: pg.5 [7] Club de Madrid Vol I pg. 10 [8] Club de Madrid pg. Vol I 15 [9] Club de Madrid pg. Vol I 20 [10] Civil Contingencies Act 2004: Part 1 s1 ss1(c) [11] Civil Contingencies Act 2004: Part 1 s2 ss1 [12] Civil Contingencies Act 2004: Part 1 s4 [13] Civil Contingencies Act 2004: Schedule 1 [14] Civil Contingencies Act 2004: Part 1: s6 [15] Crisis and business Continuity planning : a programme for business survival- Sept 2005: pg.3 [16]Nactso report, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice http://www.nactso.gov.uk/documents/ShoppingCentreScotland.pdfPg.5 [17] Pg.17 [18] Pg.16 [19] Catastrophe risk insurance and Terrorism- Risk and Regulation magazine- Richard Ericson 2004www.lse.ac.uk/resources/riskAndRegulationMagazine/magazine/catastropheRiskInsuranceAndTerrorism.htm [20] http://www.ukresilience.gov.uk/media/ukresilience/assets/communicatingrisk.pdf pg. [21] http://www.ukresilience.gov.uk/media/ukresilience/assets/communicatingrisk.pdf pg. 51 [22] http://www.bbc.co.uk/connectinginacrisis [23] Club de Madrid Vol II pg. 15

Journeys End by RC Sheriff Essay -- English Literature

20th Century Drama - The name of this play is Journey's End, written by R. C. Sherriff. Introduction The name of this play is Journey's End, written by R. C. Sherriff. The play was first preformed on a Sunday night in December 1928. By 1929 it was being shown at the Savoy Theatre where it ran for two years. Later I will be studying the characters of Stanhope and Osborne, and how they link in with the title "Journey's End", and I will also examine the idea of journeys. I will also study the impact the play had, why it was so successful and journeys of the minor characters, Hibbert, Raleigh and Trotter. Journeys The subtext of the play is about journeys, mental, physical and emotional. Each character in the play goes through their own journey, but each face it in a different way. The Impact of the Play At first, no theatre managers wanted to show Journey's End as they thought it wouldn't be interesting to the public and no-one would want to see a play without women in or want to be reminded about the war ten years after it had ended. But they were wrong, and the play was a success. Before Journey's End was written, most plays were about love affairs between upper-class people and were mostly for entertainment purposes, whereas Journey's End is about something real, something dramatic, without being over played. Journey's End was different, and therefore theatre managers didn't want to risk showing it, in case it was a failure. Many people thought R.C.Sherrif had written the play for political purposes, or to mock the government e.g. the way the raid was handled by the commanding officers. But it was written to give a tangible account of what the war was like, not from the ordinary soldiers p... ...e. Stanhope's journey was made more difficult by the death of Osborne, and he blames Raleigh for this, because Osborne was waiting for Raleigh when he was killed. At the end of the play, after Raleigh has been brought down into the dugout after being wounded by some shrapnel, Stanhope realises how nasty he has been to Raleigh, and tries to make amends. He makes light of Raleigh's injury, and tells him he's getting sent back to England to recover. Stanhope tries to make Raleigh more comfortable by bringing him some water, blankets and candles when he complains that it's dark and cold. Stanhope is grief-stricken when Raleigh dies as his actions clearly show. [STANHOPE GENTLY TAKES HIS (RALEIGH'S) HAND. AND STARES LISTLESSLY] This is almost the end of Stanhope's journey, and we have to assume that he dies in the German attack. Stanhope is a flawed hero.

Names in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery :: Shirley Jackson Lottery Essays

One of the leaders and important man of the town is Mr. Summers.   Summer is a   season of the year.   It is the season of growing, the season of life.   His name   represents partly the old pagan fertility ritual because the harvest that is being sacrificed to is being grown in the summer.   This is supposedly, according to Old Man Warner, what the lottery held each year was all about.   But, in this case, the harvest should be fine because the setting of the story tells us that â€Å"the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green† (74).   Mr. Summers did many things to slowly ween the old tradition, the old harshness, out of the ordeal.   He had the wooden chips replaced with more convienent slips of paper.   He also â€Å"spoke frequently...about making a new box† (75), so, therefore, he also represented new ideas as well as old.   The new ideas that the close-minded village people would not accept.   If given the chance, Mr.   Summers would have more than likely accepted and backed the motion to cease the   lottery and stop the sacrifice.   Even though he conducted the lottery which someone was sacrificed (murdered) he is seen as one of the most innocent characters because of his â€Å"new† ideas and wishes for something better.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mr. Summers, with all of his importance, had someone over him though.   Mr. Graves, the postmaster, must have been of more importance and power than he   because Mr. Summers had to be sworn in by Mr. Graves before he could have the right to be the official of the lottery.   As the reader might easily derrive, Mr. Graves symbolizes the sacrificial killing being caused by the lottery.   His superiority over Mr. Summers is also symbolic.   It shows how the sacrifice and the lottery in itself is more important than the new ideas presented by Mr. Summers and a few other villagers.   But, Mr. Graves has many more villagers behind him sharing his views.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of these is Old Man Warner.   Mr. Warner is the oldest man in town and, therefore, having the most knowledge of what the original tradition was all about.   He lets us know that there has â€Å"always been a lottery† (77).   He is repetadly shown â€Å"warning† the younger parents and the younger generation of what they are in for if they do away with the lottery.

An Analysis of The House on Mango Street :: House Mango Street

An Analysis of The House on Mango Street In the novel, The House on Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros describes the problems that Latino women face in a society that treats them as second class citizens. A society that is dominated by men, and a society that values women for what they look like, and not for what is on inside. In her Novel Cisneros wants us to envision the obstacles that Latino women must face everyday in order to be treated equally. In the Book women are looked upon as objects by men whether they are boyfriends, friends fathers or husbands. The girls in the novel grow up with the mentality that looks and appearance are the most important things to a woman. Cisneros also shows how Latino women are expected to be loyal to their husbands, and that a husband should have complete control of the relationship. Yet on the other hand, Cisneros describes the character Esperanza as being different. Even though she is born and raised in the same culture as the women around her, she is not happy with it, and knows that someday she will break free from its ties, because she is mentally strong and has a talent for telling stories. She comes back through her stories by showing the women that they can be independent and live their own lives. In a way this is Cinceros' way of coming back and giving back to the women in her community. The Latino women and girls in the novel are extremely concerned about their appearances, because they feel that if they aren't attractive then they won't be noticed by men, and they are raised to believe that they need a man to fulfil their life, and that they need a husband to support them, and if they don't look attractive then they are not going to be noticed, and if they are not noticed, then they think they won't end up getting married. A good example of this is Marin. When Marin talks about a real job Marin says that the best place to work is downtown, not because of the work that is there, but because "you always get to look beautiful and were nice clothes." She also tells the girls that the only thing that matters is if your skirts are short, and your eyes are pretty, so that you are noticed by guys.

Ergonomics And The Workplace Health And Social Care Essay

The pattern of safety in workplace has seen unbelievable progresss as clip has gone, due to advancement in engineering, although there is still considerable sum of challenges that comes in signifier of hurts and unwellnesss ( Hopwood and Thompson, 2006 ) . This is where biotechnologies comes to play a function in doing the workplace safe for activities that would be carried out by the employee. Biotechnologies draws on many subjects in its survey of worlds and their environments, including anthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical technology, industrial technology, industrial design, kinesiology, physiology and psychological science ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . Unsafe, unhealthy, uncomfortable or inefficient state of affairss at work or in mundane life are avoided by taking history of the physical and physiological capablenesss and restrictions of worlds ( Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993 ) . Human wellness and safety is at optimal scope when the workplace environmental parametric quantities are suited for the employee ( Story, 2010 ) . Each twelvemonth, ill designed merchandises and workplaces account for 1000s of hurts and skyrocketing costs. That is why biotechnologies the human factor in merchandise and workplace design is fast going a major concern of makers ( Gross, 1995 ) . This study is about how is about using and proper preparation on the usage of biotechnologies to mundane workplace can forestall life endangering unwellnesss, uncomfortableness, accidents, and how employers can salvage money by cut downing costs related to issues like workers ‘ compensation, absenteeism and bend over, as it makes operations more efficient by making work topographic point designs with fewer mistakes and better on workplace user friendliness ( MacLeod, 1995 ) , with the end of cut downing musculoskeletal uncomfortableness, addition work productiveness, efficiency and comfort, as an employee who is more comfy is more productive ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to cognize what biotechnologies is all approximately and how it can be incorporated into the wellness and safety sector. The aims of this study are ; Reduce hazards factors associated with ill designed work Stationss and, To plan a workplace that is suited for the human organic structure instead than the human organic structure accommodating to workplace. To be able to place, step, control and supervise the occupational wellness hazards/agents in the workplace which may do ill-health to employees. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 WHAT IS ERGONOMICS? Biotechnologies is the scientific discipline of suiting workplace conditions and occupation demands to the capablenesss of the working population, it tends to look into work related jobs that poses a hazard of musculoskeletal upsets and ways of relieving them ( Cohen et al, 1997 ) . It is besides the applied scientific discipline that is devoted to supply comfort, efficiency and safety into the design of points in the work topographic point ( Shelly and Vermaat, 2010 ) , ergonomic intercession can profit both employer and employee ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . The International Ergonomics Association defines biotechnologies as follows: Biotechnologies ( or human factors ) is the scientific subject concerned with the apprehension of interactions among worlds and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, rules, informations and methods to plan in order to optimise human wellbeing and overall system public presentation. A big figure of factors play a function in biotechnologies ; these include organic structure position and motion, environmental factors, information and operation every bit good as work organisation. Biotechnologies differs from other Fieldss by its interdisciplinary attack and applied nature ( Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993 ) . The benefits of biotechnologies include occupation satisfaction and enhanced worker motive, added problem-solving capablenesss, and greater credence of alteration. Involving staffs can assist to place occupation jeopardies, suggest ways to command these jeopardies and working with direction in make up one's minding how to set this control in topographic point. 2.2 WHO IS AN ERGONOMIST? An Ergonomist is one who has equal cognition of the relation between worlds ‘ wellness and worlds ‘ public presentation ( Schlick, 2009 ) taking into consideration the occupation, equipment used and information used ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics ) . Harmonizing to Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993, the professional ergonomists can work for the governments ( statute law ) , developing establishments ( universities and colleges ) , research constitutions, the service industry ( consultancy ) and production sector ( occupational wellness services, forces sections, design sections, research sections, etc. ) , they besides wrote that the ergonomist highlights the countries where ergonomic cognition is indispensable, provides ergonomic guidelines and advises interior decorators, buyers, direction and employees, on which are more acceptable systems. 2.3 HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS: Science of Ergonomics dates back to 1717, when Bernadino Ramazzini, male parent of occupational medical specialty, speculated on factors within the work environment that contributed to his patients ‘ unwellnesss, he described violent and irregular gestures, dead set position and tonic strain on the musculus as factors that contributed to musculoskeletal strivings in his patients ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . However, in the United Kingdom, biotechnologies started in 1917 in World War I when the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Medical Research Council were asked to look into industrial conditions, peculiarly of weaponries workers, this led to the constitution of Industrial Fatigue Research Board who performed research on above subject in 1929 because of the expanded range of work ( hours of work, preparation, accidents, illuming and airing, and design of the machinery. In 1949, the Ergonomics Research Society was established at a meeting held by a little group of research workers at the Admiralty ; this made the society the earliest to be formed in the universe ( Meister, 1999 ) . 2.4 LEGAL CONTROL OF ERGONOMICS: The jurisprudence serves as a critical map in complex societal scene as it provides criterions or guidelines that define unacceptable and acceptable human behavior. A breach in this jurisprudence can be considered misdemeanor of the jurisprudence and the transgressor could confront civil or condemnable punishments the legal system of every governmental legal power and at every degree of organized society must invariably accommodate to altering demands, so at that place has and will be a go oning gush of commanding Torahs. It is for this ground that the legal system is based on constructs of human mistakes. Liability bar or extenuation is the turning away of mistake by probe, analysis, rating, hazard appraisal, disciplinary action, and preventative redresss. The chance of a scientist or applied scientist holding contact with jurisprudence is high, it is wise to go familiar with the country of web ( Marras and Karwowski, 2006 ) , as there are a myriad of functions that can be played in province or federal common jurisprudence actions, workers ‘ compensation instances, allegations of statutory misdemeanors, arbitrations or mediations, authorities bureau hearings, or commendations affecting Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) , Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) ( Vinal, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to Health and Safety at Work ( HASAW ) Act 1974, which is statute law, it states that ; it is the responsibility of the employer to transport out a hazard appraisal in the work topographic point. Failure to this is regarded as a breach in the jurisprudence and has its effects. 2.5 METHODS OF UNDERTAKING ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT The cardinal end of human-centered technology is to fit human features such as organic structure size, strengths and failings, and capablenesss and penchants with the relevant properties of equipment, undertakings, and process ( Kroemer, 2006 ) . The different methods used in the appraisal of biotechnologies include ; I Physical methods II Psycho physiological methods III Behavioural and Cognitive Methods IV Team methods V Environmental methods VI Macroergonomics methods ( Stanton et al. , 2005 ) All these methods make usage of the following techniques listed below ; Measurement squads Anthropometric techniques Measuring energetic capablenesss Measuring musculus strength Measuring mental work load Measuring vision capablenesss Systematic assemblage of information The ideal field appraisal tools used should possess the undermentioned properties ; Predictive: the tool should supply prognostic step of hazard of musculoskeletal hurt, Robust: can be used in any work state of affairs, Cheap: tool can be available at minimum pecuniary cost, Non-invasive: should non impact when worker performs or procedure work flow, Quick: appraisal could be performed rapidly, Easy to utilize: tool could be used with minimum preparation, ( Marras and Karwowski, 2006 ) . 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTEGRATED ERGONOMICS ASSESSMENT FOR THE WORK STATION For the intent of this appraisal to be done, several protocols would hold to be met. The first thing that would be done is to acquire a work station that can be used to transport out an ergonomics appraisal, and the Help Desk in the Learning Resource Centre ( LRC ) has been selected. A proposed meeting was set up with the Manager of the LRC to acquire permission to transport out the appraisal, the director approved of this and forwarded necessary messages to the supervisors in the LRC who helped in finishing the undertaking. A confidentiality questionnaire was handed to one of the supervisors, which was filled and returned and would be used as a point of mention in the consequences. Using anthropometric method of ergonomic hazard appraisal, measuring of the work station would be taken utilizing a measurement tape and images snapped for farther grounds of the work station for biotechnologies assessment. Ergonomics appraisal on the work station would be done on the footing of the under taking carried out. The undertaking carried out in the Help Desk in the LRC involves assisting pupils use the computing machine systems to turn up books in the library and assisting to set up books in shelves. For this ground, there is the demand to jump between sitting down and standing. Below is a chart that shows a program on how the work would be carried out. Observation Hazard Identification Biotechnologies Assessment Evaluation Hazard Validation Control and proctor Reappraisal Chart 1: Flow Plan on the methodological analysis of the ergonomic appraisal. 4.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION The peculiar work station selected for this biotechnology was carefully observed for the different undertaking carried out to see if there is any job associated with the work topographic point. Anthropometric technique was used to transport out this work by acquiring measurings of the work topographic point. 4.1 Observation: The aid desk offered aid in transporting out this work after permission was granted by the Manager of the LRC. Looking carefully at the manner work was done and inquiring inquiries from the staff being monitored were put into consideration, besides exposure were taken to besides acquire a clear image of how the employee carries out the undertaking. Fig 1: A Staff transporting out her responsibilities on a Ocular Display Unit. 4.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION: jeopardy designation was obtained chiefly by inquiring inquiries from the employee on the work station, doing usage of a questionnaire and sing the work station for possible activities that may do wellness upset ( s ) and affect the employee. Health and Safety at Work ( HASAW ) Act 1974 demands that the employer should do certain that employers carry out a hazard appraisal in the work environment to guarantee safety of staffs. See consequence in table 1 below. Table 1: Hazard Identification on the aid desk.HazardHazard facetImpact/ EffectPosition Hunched position ( ensuing from weariness and long hours of working ) Stiffness of the dorsum, cervix, and carpus from working excessively long on the Visual Display Unit Assortment of wellness jobs, like caved shoulders, muscular instabilities, rounding of the upper dorsum and a inclination to tilt frontward while walking. Incidence of lower dorsum upsets. Motion Distortion of the waist, cervix, stretching the manus and retention in that place for a long clip ( striving musculuss in the manus ) Pain and strain on cervix musculuss and waist. Stress on musculuss of the weaponries while stretching causes weariness of the arm musculus. Ocular Display Unit ( VDU ) , keyboard and mouse. Fixed place of the cervix when staring at the VDU, and emphasis on fingers from excessively much typewriting, writhing and flexing of the carpus when managing the mouse. Makes the employee aware of some oculus defects that he/she was non cognizant of. Striving of the weaponries to make the mouse and distortion of the carpus to acquire to the keyboard and catching the mouse. 4.3 ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT: Biotechnologies appraisal on the work station showed that the design of the station has a moderate mark as it accommodates the employee and has a low hazard degree. Below is a tabular array of the entire ergonomic hazard factor and how it was derived. Table 2: Ergonomic Work Position Evaluation. Assessed by: Igho Date:14/12/2010 Ergonomic Evaluation Risk Factor Static Points Comments/Action Work Positions ( Siting ) 0 platinums 2 platinums 4 platinums v if 20 secs + X 3 if inactive Neck ( Flexion ) flexing caput frontwardvv6 Moderate Shoulders ( Raising cubituss )vv6 Moderate Wrists/Handsvv6 Moderate Back ( flexure ) flexing frontward at the hipsvv12 High Hiking Shouldersvv0 Low Writhing ( falsely with pess stationary )vv0 Low Table 3: Undertaking factor Evaluation Undertaking Factors Points Awarded Muscle force Low v Moderate High 0 Vibration Low v Moderate High 0 Lighting Good v Fair Poor 0 Workplace Temperature Comfortable v Warm/Cool Hot/Cold 0 Table 4: Hazard Factor sum on the work station. Risk Factor entire Risk Factor Points Total Comments/Action 0 platinums 2 platinums 4pts Work Positions 0 – 7 8 – 15 16 pts+ = 4 High ( 8-12 ) Undertaking factors 0 – 8 9 – 15 16 pts+ = 0 = 4 Moderate ( 4 – 7 ) Raising 0 – 7 8 – 13 14 pts+ = 0 Low ( 0 – 3 ) Table 5: Key Descriptor Scale Form Consequence Control 0-3 Low Little or no ailments of musculus achings and strivings Taking of short clip interruptions 4-7 Moderate Stress and weariness on musculuss which is tolerable Choice of an employee to supervise how undertakings are being carried out 8-12 High Work Musculoskeletal upset, inactive burden on musculuss leads to painful weariness on musculuss Decrease of work that can do musculoskeletal upset and preparation of staffs to go more cognizant of ergonomic hazard factors related to musculoskeletal upsets. Below is a study on the work station used in the LRC, measured in centimeter. 48cm 24cm 96cm 48cm 72cm Floor Fig 1: Sketch and measuring of the work station. The study above can be compared to the British criterion dimension to cognize if the mensural work station meets up with the criterion. Table 6: Work topographic point measuring compared with British Standard Dimension Measured Work Station British Standard Dimension ( 5th – 95th Percentile ( assorted Population 19 – 65 year ) Popliteal tallness 48cm 44cm Thigh Clearance 23cm Table Height ( Popliteal height + Siting Elbow tallness ) 72cm 68.5cm Siting Shoulder Height Position 57cm 59cm Back remainder 48cm Hazard VALIDATION Based on the production of a well ergonomically equipped work station, a good control and reappraisal of the work station, and everything put in order, information and preparation of employees there may still be a job that can present as a menace to the work topographic point. This can be seen in workers habit ; sitting frontward on the chair, sitting in the center of the chair, tilting on arm remainder and back remainder, weaponries resting on the tabular array are some illustrations of employees habit, and this can ensue in intervertebral phonograph record hurts and back jobs as the musculuss of the dorsum are easy stressed. CONTROL AND MONITORING To command occupational wellness and safety hazards, betterment of public presentation and benefits in work topographic points in order to extinguish or minimise hazard to employees and other interested parties exposed to hazards associated with its activities, it is necessary to implement, keep and continually better occupational wellness and safety in the work topographic point. The followers can be used to command and supervise ongoing activities and undertakings in the work topographic point ; Avoid Unnatural Position: flexing the trunk/head sideways is more harmful than flexing forward The on the job country should be located so that it is at the best distance from the eyes of the operator. Hand clasp, stuffs and tools should be arranged in such a manner that the most frequent motions are carried out with the cubituss set and near to the organic structure. Manipulations can be made easier by utilizing supports under the cubituss, forearms or custodies. Padded/soft warm stuffs that can be adjustable to suite people of different sizes. It is indispensable that the workplace should be suited to the organic structure size and mobility of the operator/employee, since neutral/natural positions and motions are a necessary portion of efficient work. Neck and caput position: caput and cervix should non be dead set frontward by more than 30 grades when the bole is vertical, else weariness and problems may happen. 4.6 Reappraisal Having seen that ergonomically, the work station is tolerable, and staffs have been informed on how to place themselves whilst working, there is need to reexamine work pattern every three months to guarantee and implement that the manner of working is still in topographic point to avoid hurts that may hold built up with clip. 4.7 Recommendation After mensurating the work station and comparing with the British criterion measuring, it is recommended that the chair ( adjustable ) should be adjusted to suit the user so as to acquire the comfortability needed in order non to emphasize and strive musculuss in the dorsum and pess. The mouse and Visual display unit should be ergonomically put in topographic point to the comfort of the operator, to cut down tenseness and strain to the eyes, custodies and carpus Biotechnology POLICY AND CONCLUSION 5.1 ERGONOMICS Policy: The intent of this policy is to endeavor staffs to adhere to guidelines in the work topographic point with the purpose of guaranting a safe working environment every bit good as to convey wellness jeopardy to a lower limit. It is the direction ‘s duty to transport out responsibilities under the Health and Safety at work Act 1974 and other statute law including amendments to guarantee safe working patterns and work environment. For this ground, the aid desk shall stay to the undermentioned guidelines ; Biotechnologies attempts shall be embedded, maintained and preserved on the aid desk in Learning Resource Centre ( LRC ) to guarantee a safe and healthy work topographic point environment for employees. Cooperation of work force in doing certain that ergonomic betterment is realised. ( Joint attempt of directors, supervisors, employees and other back uping staffs ) Appellation of station to a responsible employee to look into that workers are good positioned, to forestall Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the work station. Training of staffs to be more cognizant of ergonomic hazard factors related to Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders. Informing staffs about biotechnologies and its hazard factors can assist to cut down cost of intervention of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders, as the budgeted cost can be used as employees ‘ benefits. This policy would be implemented and reviewed three times a twelvemonth to guarantee that the wellness conditions of the employees are in order, to cut down money spent on handling employees for work related musculoskeletal upsets. This policy would be handed to each staff through information and preparations and in written signifier. 5.2 Decision After a thorough ergonomic scrutiny of the aid desk in the LRC, and measuring the working environment, proper biotechnologies rating was done and command steps put in Topographic point every bit good as a policy for the safety and wellness of the employees so as to cut down opportunities of the hazard of holding a staff complain about a work related musculoskeletal upset. Control measures used after ergonomic appraisal and hazard proof was carried out is to assist in cut downing the opportunities of acquiring a work related musculoskeletal upset and cost of intervention from hurts sustained ( if any at all, sing the tolerable sum derived from the rating and opportunities of any hurt sustained, this is as a consequence of proper preparation of the staffs ) .

GCSE Dance Extended Notes

I chose this piece of music because of the clear-cut and established structure, which helped mark certain moments of my dance and distinguish each section from one an other. Instead of the background music being accompanied by actual words, after the main build up of the song a woman can be heard singing strange hypnotic noises. I think this compliments the idea of freedom in the second part of my dance, because now my persona is free of oppression they can express themselves in whatever way they want to, like the woman singing in the piece of music. It is noticeable that before, and including the build up to the singing woman that the music is very repetitive. When played along to my dance, I thought it represented the monotony of a slave's life. However, what could be also heard in the build up was a glimmer of endearing hope, because even though the music represented sadness, the tone stayed bright throughout. In the first section of the dace I wanted to show snippets of the slave's usual day. I also wanted to keep the energy in the dance gentle and keep a minimum amount of strong energy in it. This is because I waned the audience to relate to the feeling of being confined and ordered around. Also, it mainly focuses on the idea of freedom being in the form of hope inside the personas head, rather than freedom being expressed in movements which would be associated with such an idea. I begin at centre stage on the floor curled up in a ball to symbolise the small space the slave is kept in, then ease myself of the floor in a swift manner, keeping my head in front of the rest of my body. This shows the audience that the slave is being dragged out of bed in a hostile manner. I began to inject the fear the slave has on their master into the dance by covering my face with my hands, as one would usually do if they are trying to hide or if they are anticipating physical aggression. I start to travel to downstage right taking large strides and stumbling with every step to show the slave being pushed towards the fields to work. I kept the levels in which I was performing low which emphasises the slave's inferiority when compared to their master. After three or so strides I immediately begin to use a repeated gesture, which gives the impression of the slave being forced into labour on the field. I right raise my left arm and when that arm reaches its peak height I bring my opposite arm up in the air to meet and bring them back down towards the ground whilst lurching forwards. This represents the slave working in a field with some sort of tool, which I envision to be a tool for picking at soil. In addition, the heavy lurch forward helps me to symbolise the constant presence of oppression. For the part in the first section where the slave tries to retaliate, I wanted to use movements which would put importance on the levels used in this particular section. This is because it defined the relationship between the slave and their master, and this was especially important as the audience could not see the master's actions for themselves-this had to be portrayed in the movements of the slave. In this moment in the dance the slave tries to fight for freedom. I use gestures such as a clenched fist to show my persona is willing to fight oppression, and rise on the tip toes to create a high level, which symbolises rising against the master. However, I soon cover my face with my hands again and leap backwards in recoil as the slave is overcome with the power of the master. After unsuccessfully trying to stick up of oneself, the slave drops to the floor, to a low level. This new level, lower than the audience has seen the slave before helps to emphasise how lowly the slave is thought of by themselves and their master. I then raise my arms and then bring them back down to my chest resting my flat palms against the other, and this represents the hope the slave still feels even after being beaten by their master. I keep my body shape compressed into an angular shape whilst lying down on the floor, which shows my persona resting before quickly reaching up with their hands to the sky but then being pushed back down to the floor. I repeat this movement several times to convey the idea of perseverance coming from the slave. I also included some movement pieces such as twisting my body around so my stomach faced upwards, and also sliding my body across the floor. After these movements I swivel around into a kneeling position and clench my fists again and then punch them into the floor below me. This is again to convey perseverance and to let the audience understand, the slave has not given up their fight for freedom. The transition from section A to section B is very clear as the music transforms into a free drifting melodic chime with violin ___ in the foreground. Here, in this transaction, is where I tried to convey the journey to emancipation. I used a lot of space in this travelling sequence by running around in a circular pathway, because I wanted to show the slave trying to break free of their master's strict reign. Whilst running through my circular pathway, I held my right arm out to convey the idea of the slave trying to make the most of the new found space around them. In section B I wanted to mainly use movements that symbolised freedom instead of the daily routines of the slave. After running around in the circular pathway, I lurch forward at the build up of the dance making a fist with my hand, as here I wanted to include one of my dance motifs. For another one of my movements I stand on my tip toes and make a v shape with my arms to represent my persona basking in the space all around them. I have experimented with a number of movements in the next parts of the dance, because I wanted to show that my persona is free to try out new things and be themselves. I leap onto the floor which is supposed to represent a giddy action of joy and then soon return to a standing position. I further try new moves which the audience hasn't seen before. For example, I bend into a hunched position and then jump whilst swinging my arms past my legs. I finish the dance with a final lurch forward and repeat one of my dance motifs with a raising of my arms in a v shape. Key positions 1. Fighting- This position is very varied through my dance throughout my whole dance, and can consequently go unnoticed just like the inner strength of a person-which can't always be seen by others. The position represents the perseverance of my persona, and their unwillingness to give up fighting oppression. In section A of the dance, this position can be seen when my persona stands up to their master and also when they are crouching down on a low level and they slam their fists down to the floor. I wanted to use this a reminder that even though my persona has been beaten many times, they are not going to give up their search for freedom. Prayer- This position also varies throughout the dance to show hope and faith, and this also ties with my first motif 3. Freedom- This is my main motif which has been developed with different levels and dynamics. The main meaning of this position is the act of embracing freedom. I performed this gesture relatively weakly in terms of dynamics, in section one. The reason for this was because my persona, the slave couldn't fully embrace freedom under the rule of a master. To make this move effective in the first section, I used a range sad facial expressions in order to increase my projection to the audience. It was important, this movement stood out to the audience as it fully represents one of the fundamental ideas behind my dance idea whim is emancipation. In the final section, this movement is seen very differently. For example, the pace in which the movement is performed is quicker and at times, at a higher level. For example, when the music reaches is climax and I break into the freedom movements; I rise up on my tip toes performing the movement with a strong energy. This is because I wanted to show the audience how exhilarating freedom feels my persona. Also, I wanted the developed motif to juxtapose against the one I used in the first section. Evaluation I decided to create my dance around the original motifs I came up with, these were mainly gestures which represented frustration, desperation, hope and of course, freedom. The movement materials I came up with next derived from my original starting point which was the diary of a slave who was involved in the West Indian Slave Trade. Once I was happy with my ideas I listened to the music I intended to dance to and let my mind create possible moves in the dance. I interpreted my music to have three sections, the first is the base, the second is the build up and the final section I labelled the pinnacle part of the piece. I fit this in with my dance having the first section as the one where my persona is being oppressed and calling this section A, having the second section of the music transform into a transition between the previous section and the one to follow, and finally having the last section of the music as my section B, where the slave is at last emancipated. I think the movements I used in section A informed the audience of my dance idea more than the movements in section B. I think this because, in section A, I used more realistic movements whereas in section A my dance material was more towards the abstract spectrum in order to communicate the feeling and idea of freedom rather than what one might do if they were free. This was effective in my point of view, because it broke up the dance and I thought it was refreshing to watch a piece that was both slightly surreal and realistic at the same time. It also kept my imagination flowing as I was never bored when concocting the next part of my dance, as I could use a new or different dance technique that I had not used before. I was very pleased with how section A turned out, because I think it communicated the hardships of being a slave, and already, so early in the dance I could see the personality of my persona coming through. I used all of my main movements in the beginning without crowding the first section or overcrowding other movements. Section B was a slight struggle for me as I wanted to use large, strong, dramatic movements but the ones I had created in my head were hard to physically perform. For example, the leaps I wanted to do were not doable in my range of skill. However, I overcame this by performing small leaps but with the maximum amount of energy I could exert into it. If I could work on this dance further I would love to explore my persona actual journey to emancipation in much more detail; I feel their story had to be cut short due to time and I think their is a lot more that could be told. Another reason for this is that I want to delve deeper into the hardships fighting for freedom brings, as I think I definitely skimmed over that aspect in my dance. Also, I would like to edit the music, as it is too long for my dance. Overall, I think I communicated the main idea of my dance clearly. Aided by my motif developments, I think the movements I used reflected the emotions of persona as well.